European American

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European American
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John F. Kennedy · Marilyn Monroe · Marlon Brando George Washington · Fred Astaire · Paris Hilton
Total population
European Americans 200,000,000 65% of the total US population
Regions with significant populations
All regions
Language(s)
Predominately English · German · Spanish · French, Italian · Polish others
Religion(s)
Predominantly Christianity · minorities practice Judaism or other faiths; sizeable secular population

A European American (Euro-American) is a person who resides in the United States and is either the descendant of European immigrants or from Europe him/herself.^[1]

Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate^[2] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income^[3], after Cuban-Americans, and median personal income^[4] of any racial demographic in the nation.

Contents 1 Terminology 1.1 US Census 1.2 Use 1.3 Origin 2 Origins 3 Culture 4 Demographics 4.1 Notes 5 References 6 See also

[edit] Terminology

[edit] US Census

In 1977, it was proposed that the term "European American" replace "white" as a racial label in the US Census. ^[5] Although not currently used by most government bodies, the term is appearing more frequently and might eventually replace "White"^{[citation needed]} just as "Native American" has replaced "Indian", "African American" has replaced "Black", and "Asian American" has replaced "Oriental" in many writings.

[edit] Use

The term European American is more narrow than White American in that these terms in their official usage. The term is different from Caucasian American, White American, and Anglo American.^[6], though "European Americans" is sometimes used as a synonym for White Americans. According to the Texas Association of Museums, "European American," White American, Caucasian American or Anglo are terms that vary in their preference depending on the individual and their descent.,^[7] Anglo is a term commonly used in the southwestern United States, because of that term combines a number of distinct ethnicities under a single rubric with origins in England. The term also has a more specific reference than either White American or Caucasian American since both of these terms include a larger group of people than is acknowledged in Europe. Also, whereas White American and Caucasian American carry somewhat ambiguous definitions, depending on the speaker, European American has a more specific definition and scope. However, there are many immigrants from the European continent who are not classified under the White racial grouping. A substantial or "visible" proportion of the populations of the UK, France and many other European countries are racially Black people, Asian people and of numerous other ethnic backgrounds that have all migrated there in recent decades. These people often immigrate to the United States and are European American despite not being White. According to sociologist Rosanne Skirble, the term European American has increased somewhat in use but White American, Caucasian American and Anglo continue to be equally preferred depending on the descent of the given individual(s) or group to which the term refers.^[8]

[edit] Origin

The term was coined by some to emphasize the European cultural and geographical ancestral origins of Americans in the same way that is done for African Americans and Asian Americans rather than not emphasize ancestry. A European American identity is still notable because 90% of the respondents classified as white on the US Census knew their European ancestry.^[9] Historically, the concept of an American was conceived in the US as a person of mixed European ancestries to the exclusion of African Americans and Native Americans.^[10] As a linguistic concern, the term is often meant to discourage a dichotomous view of the racial landscape between the normative white category and everyone else.^[5] Margo Adair suggests that the recognition of specific European American ancestries allows certain Americans to become aware that they come from a variety of different cultures.^[11]

[edit] Origins

European Americans are largely descended from colonial American stock supplemented with two big waves of immigration from Europe. Today, each of the three different branches of immigrants are most common in different parts of the country. Colonial stock, which is of mostly English and Scotch-Irish descent, may be found throughout the country but is especially dominant in the South. The vast majority of these are Protestants. The first wave of European migration came from Northern and Western Europe between about 1820 and 1890. Most of these were from Ireland, Germany, Britain, and Scandinavia, and with large numbers of Irish and German Catholics immigrating, Roman Catholicism became an important minority religion. Their descendants are dominant in the Midwest and West, although Irish are also common in the Northeast. The second wave of European Americans arrived from 1880 to 1920s, mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe.^[9] This wave included Italians, Slavs, French Canadians, and Jews. Their descendants are dominant in the Northeast.

[edit] Culture

American culture is essentially European culture and primarily of British, German, and French in origin.^[12] European American cultural lineage can be traced back to Europe and is institutionalized in the form of its government and civic education.^[12] The Solutrean hypothesis based on new evidence suggests that Europeans may have been the first in the Americas.^[13][14][15] Since European Americans have mostly assimilated into American culture, European Americans now mostly express their individual ethnic ties sporadically and symbolically and do not consider their specific ethnic origins to be essential to their identity; however, European American ethnic expression has been revived since the 1960s.^[9] In the 1960s, Mexican Americans and African Americans started exploring their cultural traditions as the ideal of cultural pluralism took hold.^[9] European Americans followed suit by exploring their individual cultural origins and having less shame of expressing their unique cultural heritage.^[9]

[edit] Demographics

The numbers below give numbers of European Americans as measured by the US Census in 1980, 1990 and 2000. The numbers are measured according to declarations in census responses. This leads to uncertainty over the real meaning of the figures: For instance, as can be seen, according to these figures, the European American population dropped 40 million in ten years, but in fact this is a reflection of changing census responses. In particular, it reflects the increased popularity of the 'American' option following its inclusion as an example in the 2000 census forms.

It is important to note that breakdowns of the European American population into sub-components is a difficult and rather arbitrary exercise. Farley (1991) argues that "because of ethnic intermarriage, the numerous generations that separate respondents from their forbears and the apparent unimportance to many whites of European origin, responses appear quite inconsistent".^[16] In particular, a large majority of European Americans have ancestry from a number of different countries and the response to a single 'ancestry' gives little indication of the backgrounds of Americans today. When only prompted for a single response, the examples given on the census forms and a pride in identifying the more distinctive parts of one's heritage are important factors; these will likely adversely affect the numbers reporting ancestries from the British Isles. Multiple response ancestry data often greatly increase the numbers reporting for the main ancestry groups, although Farley goes as far to conclude that "no simple question will distinguish those who identify strongly with a specific European group from those who report symbolic or imagined ethnicity". He highlights responses in the Current Population Survey (1973), where for the main 'old' ancestry groups (e.g. German, Irish, English and French), over 40% change their reported ancestry over the 6 month period between survey waves (page 422).

An important example to note is that in 1980 23.75 million Americans claimed English Ancestry and 25.85 claimed English ancestry together with one or more other. This represents 49.6 million people. The table below shows that in 1990 when only single and primary responses were allowed this fell to 32 million and in 2000 to 24 million. ^[17]

Further information: Racial demographics of the United States

European American Ancestries in the 2000 US Census^[18][19]

Ancestry	1980	% of US 1980	1990	% of US 1990	2000	% of US 2000	Change
North European	112,286,024	59.84%	108,762,804	39.9%	74,700,988	30.1%	-31.3%
West European	70,764,075	37.58%	74,874,596	30.5%	57,988,801	18.6%	-22.6%
East European	?	?	16,545,509	6.7%	14,071,153	4.9%	-15.0%
South European	17,393,296	9.29%	17,953,611	7.1%	20,242,412	7.1%	+12.7%
Image:Flag of Albania.svg Albanian	28,658	0.02%	?	?	113,661	?	?
Image:Flag of the United States.svg American (see notes)	no data	no data	12,396,000	5.0%	20,625,093	7.3%	+63%
Image:Flag of Austria.svg Austrian	948,558	0.50%	864,783	.3%	730,336	.3%	-15.5%
Image:Flag of the Basque Country.svg Basque	43,140	0.02%	47,956	.02%	57,793	.02%	+20.5%
Image:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgian	360,227	0.19%	380,403	.2%	384,531	.1%	+01.1%
Image:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarusian	7,381	0.0%	?	?	?	?	?
Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British			1,119,140	.4%	1,085,718	.4%	-03.0%
Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgarian	42,504	0.02%	?	?	?	?	?
Image:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatian	252,970	0.13%	544,270	.2%	374,241	.1%	-31.2%
Image:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech	1,892,456	1.01%	1,296,369	.5%	1,258,452	.4%	-02.9%
Image:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cypriot	6,053	0.0%	?	?	?	?	?
Image:Flag of Denmark.svg Danish	1,518,273	0.81%	1,634,648	.7%	1,430,897	.5%	-12.5%
Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Dutch	6,304,499	3.35%	6,226,339	2.5%	4,541,770	1.6%	-27.1%
Image:Flag of England.svg English	49,598,035	26.34%	32,651,788	13.1%	24,509,692	8.7%	-24.9%
Image:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonian	25,994	0.01%	26,762	.01%	25,034	.01%	-06.5%
Image:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroese	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Image:Flag of Finland.svg Finnish	615,872	0.33%	658,854	.3%	623,559	.2%	-05.4%
Image:Flag of France.svg French	12,892,246	6.85%	10,320,656	4.1%	8,309,666	3%	-19.5%
Image:Flag of Germany.svg German	49,224,146	26.14%	57,947,171	23.3%	42,841,569	15.2%	-26.1%
Image:Flag of Greece.svg Greek	959,856	0.51%	1,110,292	.4%	1,152,956	.4%	+03.8%
Image:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungarian	1,776,902	0.02%	?	?	1,398,724	?	?
Image:Flag of Iceland.svg Icelandic	32,586	0.02%	40,529	0.0%	42,716	?	?
Image:Flag of Ireland.svg Irish	40,165,702	21.33%	38,735,539	15.6%	30,524,799	10.8%	-21.2%
Image:Flag of Italy.svg Italian	12,183,692	6.47%	14,664,189	5.9%	15,638,348	5.6%	+06.6%
Image:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvian	92,141	0.05%	?	?	?	87,564	?
Image:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuanian	742,776	0.39%	811,865	.3%	659,892	.2%	-18.7%
Image:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg	49,994	0.03%	?	?	45,139	?	?
Image:Flag of Macedonia.svg Macedonian	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Image:Flag of Malta.svg Maltese	31,645	0.02%	39,600	0.0%	?	?	?
Image:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegrin	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Image:Flag of Norway.svg Norwegian	3,435,839	1.83%	3,869,395	1.6%	4,477,725	1.6%	+15.7%
Image:Flag of Poland.svg Polish	8,228,037	4.37%	9,366,051	3.8%	8,977,235	3.2%	-04.2%
Image:Flag of Portugal.svg Portuguese	1,024,351	0.54%	1,148,857	.5%	1,173,691	.4%	+02.2%
Image:Flag of Romania.svg Romanian	315,258	0.17%	365,310	0.1%	368,729	0.1%	+176.1%
Image:Flag of Russia.svg Russian	2,781,432	1.48%	2,951,373	1.2%	2,652,214	.9%	-10.1%
Image:Flag of Norway.svg Image:Flag of Sweden.svg Scandinavian Image:Flag of Denmark.svg	475,007	0.25%	678,880	.3%	425,099	.2%	-37.4%
Image:Flag of Ulster.svg Scots-Irish	16,418	0.01%	5,617,773	2.3%	4,319,232	1.5%	-23.1%
Image:Flag of Scotland.svg Scottish	10,048,816	5.34%	5,393,581	2.2%	4,890,581	1.7%	-09.3%
Image:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbian	100,941	0.05%	116,795	negligible	140,337	0.1%	+20.2%
Image:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovak	776,806	0.41%	1,882,897	.8%	797,764	.3%	-57.6%
Image:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenian	126,463	0.07%	124,437	.1%	176,691	.1%	+42%
Image:Flag of Spain.svg Spanish	2,781,208	1.48%	2,384,862	.9%	2,487,092	.9%	+04.3%
Image:Flag of Sweden.svg Swedish	4,345,392	2.31%	4,680,863	1.9%	3,998,310	1.4%	-14.6%
Image:Flag of Switzerland.svg Swiss	981,543	0.52%	1,045,482	.4%	911,502	.3%	-12.8%
Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukrainian	730,056	0.39%	740,723	.3%	892,922	.3%	+20.5%
Image:Flag of Wales 2.svg Welsh	1,664,598	0.88%	2,033,893	0.8%	1,753,794	0.6%	-13.8%
Total	150,227,658	79.78%	210,181,975	84.2%	171,801,940	60.7%	-18.3%

[edit] Notes

• The 1980 cenus had 188,302,438 people report at least one specific ancestry out of the then total 226,545,805 United States population. Numbers and percents by ancestry group do not add to totals because persons reporting a multiple ancestry are included in more than one group) Responses of total were: Single ancestry 63% and Multiple ancestry 37%. See 1980 US Census for details.

• Image:Flag of the United States.svg "American" - (1990 Census) 12,395,999 (5.0%).

• Image:Flag of the United States.svg "American" - ((2000 Census), 20,625,093 or (7.3%) of the total US population) - Mostly of British (mainly English and Scottish/Scots-Irish, but also Welsh as well) ancestry that they are unaware about or cannot trace.

• Image:Hispanic Flag.png "White Hispanic" - (2000 Census) 16,907,852 or 47.89% identified thmselves as "White" of the then total Hispanic population. Most white Hispanics are of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian or German ancestry.

[edit] References

1. ^ Ohio State University. Diversity Dictionary. 2006. September 4, 2006. [1]
2. ^ Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004.
3. ^ Median household income newsbrief, US Census Bureau 2005. Retrieved on 2006-09-24.
4. ^ US Census Bureau, Personal income for Asian Americans, age 25+, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-17.
5. ^ ^{a b} Bhopal, Raj. Pub Med. "White, European, Western, Caucasian or What? Innappropriate Labeling in Research on Race, Ethnicity and Health." 1998. August 9, 2007. [2]
6. ^ Lee, Sandra S. Mountain, Joanna. Barbara, Koening A. The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. Yale University. 2001. October 26, 2006. [3]
7. ^ Texas Association of Museums. 2003. September 4, 2006. [4]
8. ^ Skirble, Rosanne. New Voice of America. 2001. September 4, 2006. [5]
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} Randolph, Gayle. Iowa State University. "Why Study European Immigrants." 2007. June 14, 2007. [6]
10. ^ Crevecoeur, Hector St. John. Letters from an American Farmer. "What is an American." 1782.
11. ^ Adair, Margo. Challenging White Supremacy Workshop. 1990 November 5, 2006.[7]
12. ^ ^{a b} Kirk, Russell. The Heritage Lecture Series. "America Should Strengthen its European Cultural Roots." Washington D.C:1949
13. ^ Carey, Bjorn (19 February 2006).First Americans may have been European.Life Science. Retrieved on August 10, 2007.
14. ^ Conner, Steve, Science Editor, (03 December 2002).Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe?. Published in the UK Independent. Retrieved on August 14, 2007.
15. ^ Earliest humans in the Americas: new evidence from Mexico, Journal of Human Evolution 44, 379-387.
16. ^ Farley, Reyonlds (1991) Demography: "The new census question on ancestry: what did it tell us?" [8]
17. ^ World Culture Encyclopedia [9]
18. ^ Brittingham, Angela. Ancestry 2000:Census Brief. 2004. October 30, 2006. [10]
19. ^ 1980 U.S Census Total Population

[edit] See also

• White or European American
• White or European American male
• Anglo
• Melting pot
• White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
• Immigration to the United States

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v • d • e Demographics of the United States

Demography of the United States · Demographic history Economic · Social Affluence · Educational attainment · Household income · Homeownership · Immigration · Income inequality · Language · Middle classes · Personal income · Poverty · Religion · Social class  · Unemployment by state · Wealth Race · Ethnicity · Ancestry Race and ethnicity in the United States Census · Maps of American ancestries · 2000 Census · Race/ethnicity by EEOC  · Racism Alaska Natives · Asian Americans · African Americans · Africans in the United States · Hispanics in the United States · Native Americans · Pacific Islander Americans · White Americans ·

Image:Census Bureau seal.jpg

v • d • e European Americans
North European	British (English • Scots-Irish • Scottish • Welsh) · Danish · Estonian · Faroese · Finnish · Icelandic · Irish · Latvian · Lithuanian · Norwegian · Swedish
West European	Austrian · Belgian · Dutch (Frisian) · French (Acadian • Cajun) · German · Luxembourg · Swiss
East European	Belarusian · Bulgarian · Czech · Hungarian · Romanian · Russian · Rusyn · Polish · Slovak · Ukrainian
South European	Albanian · Basque · Bosnian · Catalan · Croatian · Cypriot · Greek · Italian (Sicilian) · Macedonian · Maltese · Montenegrin · Portuguese · Serbian · Slovenian · Spanish (Hispano • Isleño)
Eurasian/Other	Armenian · Azerbaijani · Jewish American · Georgian · Romani ·

ja:欧米人