Emiliano-Romagnolo
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| Emiliano-Romagnolo Emiliàn e rumagnòl | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Image:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Image:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino | |
| Total speakers: | 2 million | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Italic Romance Italo-Western Gallo-Italic Emiliano-Romagnolo | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | roa | |
| ISO 639-3: | eml | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Emiliano-Romagnolo (also known as Emilian-Romagnolo) is a Romance language mostly spoken in Emilia-Romagna. It belongs to the Northern Italian group within Romance languages (like Piedmontese, Lombard, Ligurian and Venetian), which is included in the wider group of western Romance languages (like French, Occitan and Catalan). It is considered as a minority language, structurally separated from Italian by the Ethnologue and by the Red Book on endangered languages of UNESCO. Although commonly referred to as an Italian dialect (even by its speakers), it does not descend from the Italian language. It lacks a koiné.
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[edit] Geographic extent
It is spoken in the Northern Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy (provinces of Pavia and Mantua), th Central Italian regions of Tuscany (province of Massa-Carrara) and Marche (province of Pesaro e Urbino) and in the Republic of San Marino.
[edit] Varieties
Emiliano-Romagnolo varies considerably across the region, and several dialects exist (e.g.: Piacentino has much more in common with Lombard than with Central or Eastern Emiliano and it is hardly intelligible by a speaker from Bologna, the capital of Emilia-Romagna). A major distinction is usually made between Emiliano and Romagnolo, seen as separate languages by some linguists. The latter is spoken in the provinces of Forlì-Cesena, Ravenna, Rimini but also in Pesaro e Urbino, in the region of Marche, which formed the historical region of Romagna.
Emiliano-Romagnolo can be subdivided into two main subgroups, which in turn are made up further varieties:
- Emilian dialect
- Western Emiliano (Piacentino)
- Carrarese
- Lunigiano
- Massese (mixed with some Tuscanian features)
- Central Emiliano (Reggiano and Modenese)
- Center-Western Emiliano (Parmigiano)
- Southern Emiliano (Bolognese)
- North-Eastern Emiliano (Ferrarese)
- Romagnolo dialect
- Northern Romagnolo
- Southern Romagnolo
Two varieties are considered by most linguists as transitional idioms between Emiliano-Romagnolo and Lombard, since they have common features:
- Mantovano
- Vogherese-Pavese
[edit] Features
The variants of both dialects have common features with all the other languages of the Gallo-Italic group. The most important are:
- With respect to Italian, the loss of all final unstressed vowel except for a and the subsequent vowel stretching of the tonic sillable, that may generate a diphthong. In Bolognese we have: mèder (mother), dutåur (doctor), âlber (tree).
- Rounded vowels which are typical of the Gallo-Iberian area. In Carrarese and Western Emiliano there are four of them: ä, ü, ö, å (in Western Emiliano there is also ë, a sort of schwa similar to the third vowel of Piedmontese). In Bolognese there are two: (ä and å), in Central Emilian only ä. The phonetic of the same word may vary across the diffusion area of this idiom, as in the case of the word snail, written as lümäga in Western Emiliano and as lumèga in Bolognese. Another typical feature of Emilian dialects is the loss of atonic syllables within a word. As an example we can have the Bolognese words: śbdèl (hospital), bdòć (louse), dscårrer (speak).
- Nasal alveolar sounds (transcribed in Bolognese with the graph ń) as in cuséń (cousin).
- The plural forms are made up either with a consonantic alternance, similarly to Germanic languages: źnòć (knee) and źnûć (knees); dutåur (doctor) and dutûr (doctors); calzaider (bucket) and calzîder (buckets), with special suffix changes: martèl (hammer) and martî (hammers); fiôl (son) and fiû (sons), cuséna (female cousin) and cuséni (female cousins) [but: cuséna (kitchen) and cusén (kitchens)] or with no modifications: lèg (lake) and lèg (lakes).
- Various verb classes
- The presence of a verbal system with an affermative conjugation and an interrogative conjugation (Example: the present tense form of the verb fèr - to do): mé a fag (I do) - faghia (do I do?); té t fè (You do) - fèt (Do you do?); lò/lì al/la fà (he/she does) - fèl/fèla (does he/she do?); nuèter a fän (We do) - faggna (Do we do?); vuèter a fèv (You (pl.) do) - fèdi (do you do?); låur i/al fàn (they [m/f] do); fèni (do they do?)
- The presence of two kind of personal pronouns (tonic and atonic pronouns) that are used -similarly as in French- in the verbal conjugation:
- me a sun andèe - I went (compare with moi, Je suis allé in French)
Emiliano-Romagnolo is not mutually intelligible with Italian and the two languages belong to different branches of the Romance language family tree (respectively Western Romance and Italo-Dalmatian). An uncommon feature for a Romance language is the extensive use of idiomatic phrasal verbs (verb-particle constructions) much in the same way as in English and other Germanic languages, above all in Western Emiliano, Vogherese-Pavese and Mantovano. Examples: dèr so (lit. give up, same as in English); fèr so (lit. do up, meaning: to tidy up); dèr zå (lit. give down, meaning: to brush or to beat); mètter vî (lit. to put away, meaning: to lock); dîr so (lit. to tell up, meaning: to call up); dèr vî (lit. to give away, same as in English);
[edit] Usage
The use of Emiliano-Romagnolo is usually stigmatized in Emiliano-Romagnolo speaking areas, due to a number of historical and social reasons: speaking the dialect is considered a sign of poor schooling or low social status, and its usage has been historically discouraged by Italian politicians, as it was a major linguistic obstacle to the integration of the many immigrants from southern Italy (this applies to most Italian dialects).
[edit] A few words
- Yes - Sé, Òi (bolognese); sì (piacentino)
- No - Nå (bolognese); no (piacentino)
- I love you - At vòj bän (bolognese); a t' vöi bëin (piacentino)
- Thanks, Thank you - At ringrâzi (bolognese); a t' ringrasi (piacentino)
- Good morning - Bån dé (bolognese); bon giùran (piacentino)
- Good bye - As vdän (bolognese); a s' vëdùm (piacentino)
- I - Mé, A (bolognese); me, mi (piacentino)
- And - E
- How much is it - Quant al vén? (bolognese); cus al custa, quant al custa, cus al vegna? (paicentino)
- What's your name? - Cum t ciâmet? (bolognese); cma ta ciamat? (piacentino)
- My name is... - Am ciâm ... (bolognese); me/mi a m' ciam... (piacentino)
- Tree - Âlber (bolognese); pianta, ärbul (piacentino)
- England - Inghiltèra
- London - Låndra
- Emilia - Romagna - Emégglia-Rumâgna (bolognese); Emilia-Rumagna (piacnetino)
- Bologna - Bulåggna (bolognese); Bulogna (piacnetino)
- City - Zitè
- Coffee - Caftén (bolognese); café (piacentino)
- Wine - Vén (bolognese); vëin (piacentino)
- Water - Âcua
- Nine - Nôv (bolognese); növ (piacentino)
- Sun - Såul (bolognese); sul (piacentino)
- Language - Langua (bolognese); lëingua (piacentino)
- God - Dìo (bolognese); diu (piacentino)
- See you - At salûd
- Excuse me - Scusîvum (bolognese); scüsìm, scüsèm (piacentino)
- Do you speak English/Emilian? - Dscårret in inglais/emigliàn?
- Nation - Naziån
- Father - Pèder
- Mother - Mèder
- Brother - Fradèl
- Sister - Surèla
- Doctor - Dutåur
- America - Amêrica
- Africa - Âfrica
- Antarctica - Antàrrtide
- Italy- Itâglia
- Germany - Germâgna
- Army - Esêrcit
- World - Månd
- Peace - Pès
- War - Guèra
[edit] External links
- Emiliano Romagnolo on Ethnologue
- A website on the Bolognese dialect
- A website on the parmigiano dialect
- A website on the Piacentino dialect
- A website on the Ferrarese dialect
- A website on the Romagnolo dialect
eml:Langua emiglièna-rumagnôla es:Idioma emiliano-romañolo fr:Émilien-romagnol it:Lingua emiliano-romagnola lij:Lengua emiliæn oc:Emilian-romanhòu pl:Język emilijski ru:Эмилиано-романьольское наречие
