Digamma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Digamma (uppercase Ϝ, lowercase ϝ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet, used primarily as a Greek numeral.
The letter had the phonetic value of a voiced labial-velar approximant /w/. It was originally called Ϝαῦ wau.[1] It was later called διγαμμα (digamma — double gamma) because of its shape. It is attested in archaic and dialectal ancient Greek inscriptions, and is occasionally used as a symbol in later Greek mathematical texts.
Digamma, like Upsilon, derives from the Phoenician letter Waw, and in its turn gave rise to the Roman letter F.
Contents |
[edit] Numeral
It is also used as the Greek numeral 6. In ancient usage, the numeral had the same form as the letter digamma. However, in medieval and modern usage, the numeral has normally been written in the graphic form of a stigma (Ϛ, ϛ), which historically is completely distinct from digamma; it is a medieval ligature of sigma and tau. To complete the confusion, in modern times, the sequence στ or ΣΤ is sometimes used instead of the stigma symbol.
[edit] The sound /w/ in Greek
[edit] Mycenaean Greek
The sound /w/ existed in Mycenean Greek, as attested in Linear B and archaic Greek inscriptions using digamma. It is also confirmed by the Hittite name of Troy, Wilusa, corresponding to the Greek name *Wilion.
[edit] Classical Greek
The sound was lost at various times in various dialects, mostly before the classical period.
In Ionic, [w] had probably disappeared before Homer's epics were written down (7th century BC), but its former presence can be detected in many cases because its omission left the meter defective. An example is the word ἄναξ (king) found in the Iliad, which would originally have been [wanaks]. Also οἶνος (wine) was used in the meter where a word starting with a consonant would be expected. Further evidence coupled with cognate-analysis shows that οἶνος was earlier [woinos] (cf. Latin vinum and English "wine"). For some time, word-initial /w-/ remained foreign to Greek phonology, and was dropped in loanwords, compare the name of Italy (Italia from Oscan Viteliu *Ϝιτελιυ) or of the Veneti (Greek Enetoi). By the 2nd century BC, the phoneme was once again registered, compare for example the spelling of Οὐάτεις for vates.
[edit] Modern Greek
The digamma survives even today as /v/ in the Modern Greek Tsakonian dialect, the only dialect not descended from ancient Koine Greek, the famous, and only, example being βάννε /'vannε/ "lamb" for standard Greek αρνί) (cf. Cretan Ϝαρήν).
The city of Oitylo used to be called Vitulo earlier, until the Classical Attic-Ionic form, Οίτυλο /'itilo/, was introduced.[1] The diphthong - which is attested in the Iliad already (2.285) - is probably due to an early attempt to render the foreign sound: [oi] = [wi].
[edit] Notes
- ^ Cf. Grammatici Latini (ed. Keil), 7.148.
[edit] References
- Peter T. Daniels - William Bright (edd.), The World's Writing Systems, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0195079930
- Jean Humbert, Histoire de la langue grecque, Paris, 1972.
- Michel Lejeune, Phonétique historique du mycénien et du grec ancien, Klincksieck, Paris, 1967. ISBN 2252034963
- "In Search of The Trojan War", pp.142-143,187 by Michael Wood, 1985, published by BBC.als:Ϝ
ar:ديغما (حرف إغريقي) ast:Digamma br:Digamma (lizherenn) bg:Дигама ca:Digamma da:Digamma de:Digamma el:Δίγαμμα es:Ϝ fr:Digamma gd:Digamma gl:Digamma it:Digamma he:דיגאמא sw:Digamma ku:Digamma la:Digamma hu:Digamma nl:Digamma ja:ディガンマ pl:Digamma pt:Ϝ ru:Дигамма (буква) sk:Digama sl:Digama sv:Digamma th:ไดแกมมา zh:Ϝ
