Demographics of Hungary

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<imagemap> Image:Counties of Hungary 2006.png|350px|thumb|Counties of Hungary (click on map) poly 488 993 646 932 655 934 672 918 662 909 723 884 756 892 773 926 770 983 740 1009 720 1066 729 1080 721 1098 710 1096 721 1163 697 1179 715 1186 727 1203 721 1231 679 1229 671 1235 670 1264 633 1279 616 1266 612 1279 601 1279 598 1264 593 1266 560 1361 563 1411 592 1428 597 1447 569 1461 534 1417 471 1416 397 1301 297 1234 291 1212 314 1214 314 1225 345 1214 353 1200 346 1168 386 1161 421 1111 418 1041 431 1024 439 998 Somogy poly 593 1282 672 1266 675 1235 736 1236 764 1209 761 1177 808 1169 833 1210 828 1237 842 1240 816 1270 828 1281 869 1237 908 1294 972 1331 955 1357 956 1373 988 1367 998 1375 990 1418 982 1449 932 1431 897 1487 866 1495 849 1523 735 1494 721 1506 642 1506 571 1468 602 1450 593 1428 567 1411 563 1364 Baranya poly 777 984 805 965 845 984 859 1008 892 982 924 1033 1007 950 1024 947 1055 1023 1022 1061 1007 1057 998 1073 1025 1155 1009 1176 1024 1230 1018 1252 1001 1250 991 1277 1004 1279 980 1333 908 1290 869 1235 828 1274 820 1269 844 1241 836 1230 835 1207 811 1169 756 1176 761 1204 734 1233 727 1233 728 1204 717 1184 702 1179 723 1164 715 1106 734 1080 722 1063 742 1010 Tolna poly 375 843 418 861 432 883 426 898 444 905 490 992 436 997 427 1025 415 1035 418 1111 384 1160 343 1166 351 1200 341 1212 317 1222 317 1211 292 1211 261 1178 235 1169 215 1136 174 1116 168 1085 125 1042 125 1033 134 1030 136 1016 122 1011 126 983 123 968 144 968 162 968 168 934 187 939 215 895 267 900 288 873 332 881 353 860 346 837 Zala poly 110 997 98 956 110 928 74 916 30 927 26 916 60 877 92 841 148 848 156 805 146 760 151 724 163 701 146 670 155 639 222 625 251 645 274 632 297 631 333 652 364 620 373 631 366 652 407 636 418 667 449 689 422 707 420 818 403 825 395 822 367 832 341 835 347 857 329 873 281 866 262 892 213 887 183 933 163 927 157 958 120 958 118 989 Vas poly 412 633 423 666 457 690 424 709 425 818 409 827 355 839 418 858 435 882 435 896 452 910 491 989 641 929 659 932 670 922 652 909 720 886 764 888 785 860 770 829 783 821 777 756 755 735 740 745 720 726 714 695 688 697 681 671 661 672 644 688 632 702 625 703 625 725 612 732 605 702 600 682 626 666 613 627 551 637 530 627 517 648 493 621 459 640 Veszprém poly 152 515 208 541 227 533 240 555 231 564 252 585 232 599 225 618 248 642 269 628 287 628 301 629 334 646 368 617 378 628 379 640 410 630 460 633 495 616 516 639 532 616 549 633 621 627 629 666 606 686 615 723 620 722 620 696 634 693 663 664 665 595 682 582 666 580 681 549 665 538 666 491 606 480 564 443 552 452 474 352 445 343 420 343 389 364 387 413 358 417 383 448 384 495 313 513 313 494 294 508 263 508 256 480 219 467 198 470 199 486 171 504 159 498 Győr-Moson-Sopron poly 1387 309 1400 322 1405 350 1389 356 1388 381 1362 396 1331 395 1349 408 1340 418 1323 408 1299 450 1270 455 1272 487 1256 486 1260 523 1283 560 1296 569 1297 560 1314 550 1339 565 1355 545 1356 529 1369 532 1392 522 1408 550 1403 568 1440 582 1447 577 1434 567 1471 555 1477 577 1506 589 1506 605 1501 619 1529 638 1538 651 1562 639 1561 632 1575 632 1581 609 1631 570 1648 563 1666 526 1645 508 1613 508 1600 498 1605 482 1584 468 1576 424 1555 406 1580 392 1557 369 1568 306 1558 277 1538 273 1521 302 1503 288 1488 304 1466 301 1454 289 1452 280 1430 275 Heves poly 1425 972 1394 1013 1409 1023 1408 1079 1385 1105 1365 1089 1327 1109 1338 1122 1351 1122 1377 1144 1355 1190 1340 1186 1317 1201 1287 1204 1294 1227 1279 1249 1298 1289 1346 1321 1390 1293 1416 1292 1424 1316 1434 1316 1449 1296 1461 1310 1472 1305 1504 1325 1571 1309 1587 1289 1638 1313 1678 1276 1685 1229 1671 1185 1654 1185 1652 1199 1610 1199 1599 1175 1627 1136 1625 1104 1609 1050 1616 990 1588 985 1565 965 1525 988 1503 989 1490 972 1465 994 Csongrád poly 1557 966 1550 934 1630 914 1659 901 1653 847 1669 837 1687 844 1705 826 1704 791 1747 742 1859 779 1861 815 1842 823 1842 850 1924 884 1952 879 1950 865 1981 846 1996 847 1998 877 1967 895 1976 916 1969 929 1943 939 1931 979 1945 990 1937 1020 1915 1018 1922 1030 1905 1049 1877 1051 1857 1121 1876 1140 1867 1165 1840 1165 1827 1225 1805 1220 1801 1244 1785 1254 1692 1238 1676 1184 1655 1177 1650 1195 1612 1195 1606 1178 1631 1135 1615 1050 1623 989 1585 977 Békés poly 989 1434 1002 1365 960 1365 963 1357 977 1332 980 1332 1009 1279 999 1275 1003 1255 1020 1259 1028 1229 1014 1178 1030 1152 1002 1077 1012 1060 1029 1063 1063 1024 1022 943 1043 914 1037 843 1078 848 1138 802 1172 823 1158 853 1163 860 1219 839 1222 814 1259 807 1329 894 1346 898 1362 873 1402 885 1402 868 1431 856 1452 872 1458 901 1437 934 1445 948 1427 969 1392 1009 1406 1028 1404 1071 1385 1100 1362 1084 1321 1103 1334 1125 1351 1127 1372 1142 1352 1186 1289 1196 1279 1208 1288 1226 1273 1250 1291 1289 1245 1326 1193 1368 1159 1387 1096 1387 1092 1369 1069 1385 1084 1405 1050 1421 Bács-Kiskun poly 1412 257 1445 223 1495 216 1562 76 1678 50 1773 77 1845 55 1888 40 1944 76 1979 155 2026 153 2124 138 2117 169 2105 181 2059 211 2011 234 1957 240 1940 238 1894 252 1887 287 1898 305 1880 326 1818 332 1784 320 1771 338 1786 364 1769 425 1760 475 1697 527 1665 524 1645 505 1615 505 1601 494 1613 480 1586 462 1579 422 1562 406 1589 392 1561 369 1574 307 1563 272 1532 270 1517 293 1501 282 1488 299 1466 299 1456 275 1427 273 Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén poly 668 472 808 490 867 476 964 451 995 446 1020 459 1024 504 1002 506 1002 535 968 528 976 543 947 578 877 587 888 621 853 625 830 659 805 665 772 625 747 635 718 690 689 690 684 668 669 668 667 596 692 580 677 580 685 550 673 538 Komárom-Esztergom poly 1020 324 1053 313 1133 325 1161 303 1218 307 1229 245 1265 225 1302 242 1363 267 1406 259 1423 271 1381 308 1396 323 1400 347 1385 354 1382 379 1363 390 1329 390 1327 400 1342 405 1340 412 1319 398 1294 442 1268 445 1265 480 1249 490 1227 507 1211 514 1195 475 1206 451 1079 435 1026 382 1054 359 1054 343 Nógrád poly 1790 366 1779 341 1784 328 1815 335 1883 327 1907 306 1890 283 1895 257 1940 242 2018 239 2118 179 2127 139 2149 113 2176 119 2195 146 2215 204 2258 199 2296 270 2343 265 2374 265 2395 301 2381 327 2402 342 2363 403 2333 437 2279 446 2242 461 2193 472 2158 539 2138 539 2125 509 2104 531 2085 488 2063 481 2042 505 1968 477 1941 450 1938 375 1842 394 Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg poly 2148 545 2110 653 2057 757 1988 842 1950 862 1944 879 1923 882 1847 848 1847 830 1864 822 1865 776 1753 740 1745 604 1745 562 1692 563 1684 533 1708 529 1765 476 1788 368 1832 397 1936 378 1936 451 1959 477 2043 512 2064 485 2079 489 2102 535 2126 517 2134 541 Hajdú-Bihar poly 945 585 956 617 976 633 979 652 962 663 1023 732 1006 774 1012 834 1037 842 1040 913 1023 942 1004 944 923 1025 890 981 858 1001 847 979 804 961 776 981 775 922 762 894 788 861 778 831 788 820 781 754 756 730 741 736 724 723 720 696 746 639 773 635 802 666 832 661 854 627 894 624 883 588 Fejér poly 1544 931 1655 899 1649 844 1665 836 1686 841 1699 828 1698 790 1751 738 1739 566 1691 565 1683 534 1670 530 1649 566 1584 611 1582 631 1545 653 1496 623 1501 597 1477 581 1467 561 1443 563 1449 579 1441 585 1399 571 1402 548 1389 530 1363 538 1344 566 1312 556 1300 569 1283 568 1281 587 1298 604 1329 595 1311 621 1392 676 1409 717 1396 737 1436 755 1440 777 1421 802 1443 849 1443 862 1458 874 1461 903 1443 931 1452 944 1432 972 1462 990 1493 969 1502 988 1530 984 1552 965 Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok poly 1025 572 1029 618 1044 628 1042 646 1037 660 1035 677 1079 668 1102 689 1130 663 1162 637 1165 607 1149 609 1139 595 1092 556 1060 556 Budapest poly 1019 453 969 430 968 373 994 327 1017 329 1051 345 1051 355 1025 376 1026 387 1078 441 1203 452 1192 474 1210 520 1254 491 1256 527 1282 567 1276 589 1297 610 1324 600 1306 622 1389 681 1404 715 1389 741 1435 760 1435 773 1415 802 1440 849 1437 859 1421 858 1396 866 1397 880 1362 867 1348 896 1329 889 1259 803 1221 808 1216 837 1161 857 1176 818 1138 798 1076 843 1018 832 1008 773 1027 731 969 661 982 649 980 630 957 614 949 580 981 547 980 533 1007 543 1003 509 1030 508 Pest

</imagemap> The demographics of Hungary are as follows.

Contents

[edit] Historical

[edit] 900-1910

Time Population Percentage rate of Hungarians Notes
c. 900 AD 450,000–700,000 55-71%[1][2] According to various sources between 25,000[3] and 500,000[2] Hungarian people settled in the Pannonian plain and Transylvania, inhabited by about 200,000 Slavs.[4]
1222 2,000,000 70-80%[2] The time of the Golden Bull.
1242 1,200,000[2] ? After the Mongol-Tatar's invasion.
1370 2,500,000 60-70%[2] At the time of the Angevin kings.
1490 4,000,000 80%[2] Before the Ottoman conquest (3.2 million Magyars)
1699 3,300,000 50-55%[2] At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz. (less than 2 million Magyars)
1711 3,000,000 53%[2] At the end of Kuruc War. (1.6 million Magyars)
1790 8,000,000 37.7%
1828 11,495,536 40-45%
1846 12,033,399 40-45%
1880 13,749,603 46%
1900 16,838,255 51.4%
1910 18,264,533 54.5% 5% Jews

Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, not of present-day Hungary.

[edit] 1920 – today

Nationality 1920 1930 1941[5] 1949 1960 1970 1980
Hungarians 7 155 973
89.6 % 		8 000 335
92.1 % 		11 881 455
80.9 % 		9 076 041
98.6 % 		9 786 038
98.2 % 		10 166 237
98.5 % 		10 638 974
99.3 %
Germans 550 062
6.9 % 		477 153
5.5, % 		533 045
3.6 % 		22 455
0.2 % 		50 765
0.5 % 		35 594
0.4 % 		11 310
0.1 %
Slovaks 141 877
1.8 % 		104 786
1.2 % 		175 550
1.2 % 		25 988
0.3 % 		30 630
0.3 % 		21 176
0.2 % 		9 101
0.1 %
Romanians 23 695
0.3 % 		16 221
0.2 % 		1 051 026
7.2 % 		14 713
0.2 % 		15 787
0.2 % 		12 624
0.1 % 		8 874
0.1 %
Ruthenians - - 547 770
3.7 % 		- - - -
Croats 58 931
0.7 % 		47 337
0.5 % 		12 346
0.1 % 		20 423
0.2 % 		33 014
0.3 % 		17 609
0.2 % 		13 895
0.1 %
Serbs 17 132
0.2 % 		7 031
0.1 % 		213 585
1.5 % 		5 158
0.1 % 		4 583
0.1 % 		12 235
0.1 % 		2 805
0.0%
Slovenes 6 087
0.1 % 		5 464
0.1 % 		94 000
0.1 % 		4 473
0.1 % 		- 4 205
0.0 % 		1 731
0.0 %
Roma 6 989
0.1 % 		7 841
0.1 % 		76 209
0.5 % 		21 387
0.2 % 		25 633
0.3 % 		34 957
0.3 % 		6 404
0.1 %
Others 26 123
0.3 % 		18 946
0.2 % 		29 210
0.2 % 		14 161
0.1 % 		14 534
0.1 % 		17 462
0.2 % 		16 369
0.2 %
Jewish[6] - - 139 041
0.9 % 		- - - -
Total 7 986 875 8 685 109 14 679 573 9 204 799 9 961 044 10 322 099 10 709 463

[edit] Present

Image:COB data Hungary.PNG
400px
Image:Hungary, minorities, all, as of 2001.png
Graph comparing the share of Hungarians and other minorities
Image:Hungary, minorities, in the remainder, as of 2001.png
94.4% of the country's inhabitants are Hungarians. The graph shows the share of specific national and ethnic minorities of Hungary in the remainder 5.6%

Census 2001 recognised along with Hungarians 16 ethnic groups. Ethnic structure according to 2001 census: [7]

According to census data, the largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism (54.5% - Roman Catholicism 51.9%; Greek Catholicism 2.6% [8]). There is a significant Calvinist minority (16% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (3%), and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God. [9]

For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia are also host to a number of ethnic Magyars.

[edit] The Roma minority

The real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question. In the 2001 census only 190,000 people called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 600,000 Roma living in Hungary [10]. During World War II, 50,000 Roma were killed in Hungary.[11] Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn Hungarian child belongs to the Roma minority[citation needed]. Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Managment Intelligence claims that the proportion of the roma population will double by 2050.[7]

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Image:Hungarians in subregions.png
Hungarians in subregions

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

  • Education/bad chances for work: slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.[citation needed]
  • Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.[citation needed]
  • Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas
  • Lack of debate regarding the subject: academic researchers and members of the mainstream press disregard any critics and study the subject in the canonical viewpoint. Critics don't have the funds necessary to perform alternative studies.

Please note that this list below consists disputed issues.

  • Natural repugnance: there are differences is the social behavior of the host nation and the Roma people leading to a disinclination towards each other. This is slowly decaying on the Hungarian side (36-38%[8]); as of 2007, there is no research made regarding the Roma side.
  • Integration problems on the host side: there's a significant prejudice towards Roma people in Hungary affecting the motivation for integration. Exact numbers are unknown as the research material available mixes prejudice with "post-judice".
  • Integration problems on the Roma side: some Roma people have apparent trouble adjusting to the European standards of social behavior regarding loud-mouthing, littering and being non-violent, law-abiding and working citizens. As of 2007, there is no research available on this issue.
  • Problems with motivation for work: as of 2007, what can be earned with work can be obtained having many children[9], which does not move Roma people towards work as they usually have more children anyway.
  • Crime: "gipsy crime" ("cigánybűnözés" in Hungarian) is a phenomenon well disputed and often misunderstood. Although originally it refers to some crimes (eg. stealing of items made of copper, lynch, some robbery types, scuffle between families) often committed by Roma offenders, critics say it stigmatizes all Roma people. As a result (as of 2007), Hungarian authorities don't collect any data that could be used to study the issue, therefore no research is available regarding this topic. It's believed that there is a pattern in the crimes committed by Roma criminals and that the ratio of Roma inmates are much higher compared to non-Romas, a phenomenon common in other countries too[10].
  • School segregation: likely due to repugnance, non-Roma people tend to choose schools with less problematic Roma children. It's also believed that there were cases where healthy Roma children were assigned to classes for pupils with learning disabilities (although this might have been a financial issue).

[edit] Data

Image:Population of Hungary.jpg
Population change of Hungary (present-day territory, 1870-2007)

Population: 10,198,315 (2001)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17% (male 878,661; female 834,607)
15-64 years: 68% (male 3,407,368; female 3,535,818)
65 years and over: 15% (male 548,672; female 933,718) (2000 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.25% (2006 est.)[11]

Birth rate: 9.72 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)[11]

Death rate: 13.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2001)

Infant mortality rate: 9.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.66 years[11]
male: 68.45 years
female: 77.14 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.32 children born/woman (2005 est.)[11]

Ethnic groups: Hungarian 92.33%, Roma 2.86%, German 0.6%, Slovak 0.17%, Croats 0.15%, Romanian 0.08%, Ukrainian 0.05%, Serbs 0.03%, Slovenes 0.03%, Poles 0.03%, Greeks 0.02%. [12]

Religion: According to census data, the largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism (54.5% - Roman Catholicism 51.9%; Greek Catholicism 2.6% [13]). There is a significant Calvinist minority (16% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (3%), and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God. [14]

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.5%
female: 99.3% (2003 est.)

See also : Hungary

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ These numbers are disputed. Those who support that the Hungarians were semi-nomadic peoples, believe their number was between 100,000-500,000. Others, who believe that they were nomadic, suggest a considerably lower value, as low as 25,000. Also note that before the conquest, Byzantine sources mention Hungarians were able to send off 20,000 soldiers. This, of course, does not include women, children, convalescents, and elderlies. Thus, with an estimation of that 20,000 is one fifth of the total population, one may get a number of 100,000 Magyars for the year AD 800. After the coquest of the territory (896), and the formation of the Principality of Hungary, according to certain sources, 55-71% Magyars lived in the territory. According to other sources (such as Lazar Stipić, Istina o Mađarima, Novi Sad - Serbia, 2004), the number of Magyars in the area was negligible compared with the number of Slavs until the 13th century. Anyhow, the latter theory does not give an accurate answer on the question how Magyars were not assimilated by Slavs.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9CM
  3. '^ Milan Tutorov: Banatska Rapsodija, istorika Zrenjanina i Banata. Novi Sad, 2001.
  4. ^ Country Studies, Hungary
  5. ^ The 1941 data refer to the Greater Hungary of the Miklós Horthy era: the Vienna Awards granted several territories to Hungary, all of which had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1920.
  6. ^ Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion – assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.
  7. ^ [1] "A CEMI kalkulációja szerint a romák száma a mai 700 ezerről 2050-re 1,2 millióra nőhet. Ezen idő alatt a nem roma népesség száma 9,5 millióról 7,6 millióra csökken. Így a romák mai mintegy 7 százalékos aránya megduplázódhat és elérheti a 14-15 százalékot."
  8. ^ [2] 'Az 1993-1995 közötti három évet jellemző 40-42 százalékos szintről a 2001-2003 közötti három éves időszakban 36-38 százalékra csökkent azok aránya, kik magikra nézve igaznak tartották azt a kijelentést, hogy "idegenkedem a cigányoktól"' (sic).
  9. ^ Minimal monthly wage: 65,500 HUF [3] ("2007.01.01-jétől 65.500,-Ft"), monthly family allowance for a family of 5: 74,500 HUF [4] ("3 és több gyermekes család 14.900/hó/gyermek").
  10. ^ [5], [6] (Finnish only)
  11. ^ a b c d Population decline is abating. Some interesting figures in 2000: population growth rate was -0.33%; there were 9.62 births/1,000 population (death rate: 13.34 deaths/1000 population); fertility rate - 1.25 children born/woman. Life expectancy increased by approximately 1.3 years under the same time.
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bg:Население на Унгария

es:Demografía de Hungría fr:Démographie de la Hongrie hu:Magyarország demográfiája pt:Demografia da Hungria ru:Население Венгрии sr:Демографија Мађарске

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