Dashiell Hammett

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Dashiell Hammett
Image:Dashiell Hammett.gif Dashiell Hammett
Born	May 27 1894(1894-05-27) Saint Mary's County, Maryland
Died	January 10 1961 (aged 66) New York City, New York
Occupation	Novelist
Nationality	Image:Flag of the United States.svg United States
Writing period	1929 - 1951
Genres	Hardboiled crime fiction, detective fiction
Debut works	The Parthian Shot (1922), story Red Harvest (1929), novel
Influenced	Raymond Chandler, Chester Himes, Mickey Spillane, Ross Macdonald, John D. MacDonald, Robert B. Parker, Sara Paretsky, James Ellroy, Sue Grafton, Walter Mosley, William Gibson, Rian Johnson, Richard K. Morgan

Samuel Dashiell Hammett (May 27, 1894 – January 10, 1961) was an American author of hardboiled detective novels and short stories. Among the enduring characters he created are Sam Spade (The Maltese Falcon), Nick and Nora Charles (The Thin Man), and the Continental Op (Red Harvest and The Dain Curse). In addition to the significant influence his novels and stories had on film, Hammett "is now widely regarded as one of the finest mystery writers of all time"^[1] and was called, in his obituary in the New York Times, "the dean of the... 'hard-boiled' school of detective fiction".^[2]

Contents 1 Early life 2 Early work 3 Later novels 4 Later years 4.1 Service in World War Two 4.2 Post-war political activity 4.2.1 Imprisonment and the blacklist 5 Death 6 Works 7 Published as 8 Quotes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links

[edit] Early life

Hammett was born on a farm called "Hopewell and Aim" off Great Mills Road, St. Mary's County, in southern Maryland.^[3] His parents were Richard Thomas Hammett and Annie Bond Dashiell. (The Dashiells are an old Maryland family, the name being an Americanization of the French De Chiel; it is pronounced "da-SHEEL", not "DASH-el".) He grew up in Philadelphia and Baltimore. "Sam", as he was known before he began writing, left school when he was 13 years old and held several jobs before working for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He served as an operative for the Pinkerton Agency from 1915 to 1921, with time off to serve in World War I. However, the agency's role in union strike-breaking eventually disillusioned him.^[4]

During World War I, Hammett enlisted in the U.S. Army and served in the Motor Ambulance Corps. However, he became ill with the Spanish flu and later contracted tuberculosis. He spent the war as a patient in a hospital in America. He married a nurse, Josephine Dolan, in 1921 and had two daughters with her: Mary Jane, born in 1921 and Josephine, born in 1926. The couple began living apart shortly after the birth of Josephine. Hammett supported his wife and daughters financially with the income he made from his writing.

Hammett turned to drinking, advertising, and eventually, writing. His work at the detective agency provided him the inspiration for his writings.

[edit] Early work

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Hammett's short story output, as opposed to his later novels, is very uneven. In his short stories he dwells heavily on the clichés of 1920s pulp fiction, especially on the theme of the Super-Crook or Master Criminal. (See Archvillain.)

Hammett has super-criminals both male ("$106,000 Blood Money", "The Big Knockover") and female ("The Girl with the Silver Eyes", "The House on Turk Street"). He amusingly depicts the Fu Manchu – like crime boss of Chinatown in "Dead Yellow Women". In "Nightmare Town" he has a criminal gang which plots to burn down an entire city for insurance reasons. In "The Gutting of Coufignal" he has a White Russian general who leads a military-style operation to rob the cream of California society, gathered together on an isolated island for a wedding. In "$106,000 Blood Money", he has a super-crook who attacks not just a single bank but the entire financial district of San Francisco, with the help of hundreds of other criminals gathered together from all over the U.S. Then the super-crook turns around and wipes out most of his helpers in order to keep the loot for himself. In The Dain Curse, a madman's quest for revenge on a woman who has scorned him leads directly or indirectly to the deaths or maimings of more than a dozen people. Another character in The Dain Curse, a cult leader, has convinced himself that he is the Lord Jehovah incarnate, and when the Op barely manages to kill him after shooting him seven times and stabbing him in the throat, he thinks to himself "Thank God he wasn't really God".

[edit] Later novels

As Hammett's literary style matured, he relied less and less on the super-criminal and turned more to the kind of realistic, hardboiled fiction seen in The Maltese Falcon or The Thin Man. In The Simple Art of Murder, Hammett's successor in the field, Raymond Chandler, summarized Hammett's accomplishments as follows:

Hammett was the ace performer... He is said to have lacked heart; yet the story he himself thought the most of [The Glass Key] is the record of a man's devotion to a friend. He was spare, frugal, hard-boiled, but he did over and over again what only the best writers can ever do at all. He wrote scenes that seemed never to have been written before.

[edit] Later years

From 1929 to 1930 Dashiell was romantically involved with Nell Martin, an author of short stories and several novels. He dedicated The Glass Key to her, and in turn, she dedicated her novel Lovers Should Marry to Hammett.

In 1931, Hammett embarked on a thirty-year affair with playwright Lillian Hellman. He wrote his final novel in 1934, and devoted much of the rest of his life to left-wing activism. He was a strong anti-fascist throughout the 1930s and in 1937 he joined the American Communist Party.^[5] As a member of the League of American Writers, he served on its Keep America Out of War Committee in January 1940 during the period of the Hitler-Stalin pact.^[6]

[edit] Service in World War Two

In 1942, after Pearl Harbor, Hammett enlisted in the United States Army. Though he was a disabled veteran of WWI, and a victim of tuberculosis, he pulled strings in order to be admitted to the service. He spent most of World War Two as an Army sergeant in the Aleutian Islands, where he edited an Army newspaper. He came out of the war suffering from emphysema.

[edit] Post-war political activity

After the war, Hammett returned to political activism, "but he played that role with less fervor than before."^[7] He was elected President of the Civil Rights Congress of New York on 5 June 1946 at a meeting held at the Hotel Diplomat in New York City, and "devoted the largest portion of his working time to CRC activities."^[7] In 1946, a bail fund was created by the CRC "to be used at the discretion of three trustees to gain the release of defendants arrested for political reasons."^[8] Those three trustees were Hammett, who was chairman, Robert W. Dunn, and Frederick Vanderbilt Field, "millionaire Communist supporter."^[8] On 3 April 1947, the CRC was designated a Communist front group on the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations, as directed by U.S. President Harry S. Truman’s Executive Order 9835.^[9]

[edit] Imprisonment and the blacklist

The CRC's bail fund gained national attention on 4 November 1949, when bail in the amount of "$260,000 in negotiable government bonds" was posted "to free eleven men appealing their convictions under the Smith Act for criminal conspiracy to teach and advocate the overthrow of the United States government by force and violence."^[8] On 2 July 1951, their appeals exhausted, four of the convicted men fled rather than surrender themselves to Federal agents, and begin serving their sentences. "At that time the U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, issued subpoenas for the trustees of the CRC bail fund in an attempt to learn the whereabouts of the fugitives...".^[8] Hammett testified on 9 July 1951 in front of United States District Court Judge Sylvester Ryan, facing questioning by U.S. District Attorney Irving Saypol, described by Time as "the nation's number one legal hunter of top Communists".^[8] During the hearing Hammett refused to provide the information the government wanted, specifically, the list of contributors to the bail fund, "people who might be sympathetic enough to harbor the fugitives."^[8] Instead, on every question regarding the CRC or the bail fund, Hammett took the Fifth Amendment, refusing to even identify his signature or initials on CRC documents the government had subpoenaed. As soon as his testimony concluded, Hammett was immediately found guilty of contempt of court.^{[8][10][11][12]}

During the 1950s he was investigated by Congress (see McCarthyism), and testified on March 26, 1953 before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Although he testified to his own activities, he refused to cooperate with the committee, and was blacklisted.

[edit] Death

Hammett died in New York City's Lenox Hill Hospital, of lung cancer, diagnosed just two months before his death. As a veteran of two World Wars, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

[edit] Works

• Red Harvest (published on February 1, 1929)
• The Dain Curse (July 19, 1929)
• The Maltese Falcon (February 14, 1930)
• The Glass Key (April 24, 1931)
• Creeps by Night; Chills and Thrills (Anthology edited by Hammett, 1931)^[13]
• The Thin Man (January 8, 1934)
• Woman in the Dark: A Novel of Dangerous Romance (published in Liberty magazine in three installments in 1933)
• The Big Knockover (a collection of short stories)
• The Continental Op (a collection of four short stories with "Meet the Continental Op", an introduction by Ellery Queen) (published as Dell mapback #129
• The Return of the Continental Op (a collection of five short stories with "The Return of the Continental Op", an introduction by Ellery Queen) (published as Dell mapback #154)
• Nightmare Town (a collection of four short stories) (published with an introduction titled "A Letter from Ellery Queen" as Dell mapback #379)
• Blood Money (two novellas) (published as Dell mapback #53 and #486)
• A Man Called Spade (five short stories, only three Sam Spade stories, with "Meet Sam Spade", an introduction by Ellery Queen) (published as Dell mapback #90 and #411)
• Dead Yellow Women (four Continental Op stories, two other stories, and an introduction titled "A Letter from Ellery Queen") (published as Dell mapback #308)
• Hammett Homicides (four Continental Op stories, two other stories, and an introduction titled "A Letter from Ellery Queen") (published as Dell mapback #223)
• The Creeping Siamese (three Continental Op stories, three other stories and an introduction titled "A Letter from Ellery Queen") (published as Dell mapback #538)

[edit] Published as

• Complete Novels (Steven Marcus, ed.) (Library of America, 1999) ISBN 978-1-88301167-3.
• Crime Stories and Other Writings (Steven Marcus, ed.) (Library of America, 2001) ISBN 978-1-93108200-6.

[edit] Quotes

"[Hammett] took murder out of the Venetian vase and dropped it into the alley... [He] gave murder back to the kind of people who do it for a reason, not just to provide a corpse; and with means at hand, not with handwrought dueling pistols, curare, and tropical fish."

Raymond Chandler, in The Simple Art of Murder

"I have been asked many times over the years why he did not write another novel after The Thin Man. I do not know. I think, but I only think, I know a few of the reasons: he wanted to do [a] new kind of work; he was sick for many of those years and getting sicker. But he kept his work, and his plans for work, in angry privacy and even I would not have been answered if I had ever asked, and maybe because I never asked is why I was with him until the last day of his life."

Lillian Hellman, in an introduction to a compilation of Hammett's five novels

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Hammett, Jo, A Daughter Remembers, 2001, Carroll and Graf Publishers.

[edit] External links

• CLUES: A Journal of Detection 23.2 (winter 2005). Guest ed. Richard Layman. Theme issue on Dashiell Hammett
• The Apartment of Dashiell Hammett and Sam Spade
• February 2005 Library of Congress lecture by Hammett estate trustee and biographer Richard Layman on the 75th anniversary of The Maltese Falcon
• Dashiell Hammett Checklist showing where every story has appeared.
• PBS American Masters portrait of Hammett

Persondata
NAME	Hammett, Dashiell
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Hammett, Samuel Dashiell
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American Novelist
DATE OF BIRTH	May 27, 1894
PLACE OF BIRTH	Saint Mary's County, Maryland
DATE OF DEATH	January 10, 1961
PLACE OF DEATH	New York City, New York

zh-min-nan:Dashiell Hammett

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