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Danishmend)
The Danishmend dynasty was a Turcoman dynasty that ruled in north-central and eastern Anatolia in the 11th and 12th centuries. The center of their power was originally around Sivas, Tokat and Niksar in central-northeastern Anatolia, extending as far west as Ankara and Kastamonu for a time. Later on, they also extended southwards, by capturing Malatya in 1103. In early 12th century, Danishmends were at least as powerful as the Anatolian Seljuk Sultans based in Konya and were their chief rivals. They also gave an equally hard time to Crusaders.
[edit] The founder
The dynasty was established by Danishmend Gazi on whom historical information is rather scarce and principally retrospective. He is, on the other hand, the central figure of a posthumous romanced epic, Danishmendnâme, in which he is identified with an 8th century Arab warrior based in the same geography as himself, Sidi Battal Gazi and where stories relating to both were blended.
His title or name, Dānishmand may mean "learned man" in Persian. The verb danışmak means "to consult, to speak" in Turkish languages. As of 1134, Danishmend dynasty leaders also held the title Melik (the King) bestowed in recognition of their military successes by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustarshid. Beys (Emirs) of Danishmend prior to 1134 may also be retrospectively referred to as Melik on the basis of the title earned. Danishmend Gazi himself was alternatively called "Danishmend Taylu" [1]. Yet another point that may complicate the picture is that virtually all Danishmend rulers entered the traditions of the Turkish folk literature, where they are all referred to as "Melik Gazi" [2]. Hence, there are "tombs of Melik Gazi", many of which are much visited shrines and belong in fact to different Danishmend rulers, in the cities of Niksar, Bünyan, Kırşehir, along the River Zamantı near the castle of the same name (Zamantı) and elsewhere in Anatolia, and Melikgazi is also the name of one of the central districts of the city of Kayseri. The same uniformity in appellations in popular parlance may also apply to other edifices built by Danishmends.
Danishmends established themselves in Anatolia in the aftermath of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, in which the Seljuks defeated the Byzantine Empire and captured most of Anatolia.
In 1097 the Seljuks based in Konya and Danishmends allied against the crusaders but were defeated at the Battle of Dorylaeum.
[edit] The dynasty
In 1100, Danishmend's son Emir Gazi Gümüshtigin captured Bohemond I of Antioch, who remained in their captivity until 1103. A Seljuk-Danishmend alliance was also responsible for defeating the Crusade of 1101. After the defeat of the crusade, Kilij Arslan established his capital at Konya and continued to fight with the Danishmends. The Danishmends were probably involved in overthrowing Kilij Arslan’s son. For a time, they reduced the Sultanate of Rum to Konya and its immediate surroundings.
In 1130 Bohemond II of Antioch was killed in a battle with Emir Gazi Gümüshtigin, after coming to the aid of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which Gümüshtigin had invaded. Gümüshtigin died in 1134 and his son and successor Mehmed did not have the martial spirit of his father and grandfather. He is nevertheless considered the first builder of Kayseri as a Turkish city, despite his relatively short period of reign. Danishmend state began to decline after his death in 1142, falling under increasing control of the reinvigorated Seljuks of Konya. As of 1142, the Danishmend state was split into two, with one branch of the family, which kept the title "Melik" ruling Sivas and its surrounding regions, while another branch was based in Malatya.
In 1155 Kilij Arslan II attacked Yaghi-Basan, who sought help from Nur al-Din, the Zengid emir of Mosul. Nur al-Din captured Sivas in 1173, but was more concerned with his territory to the south. The Danishmends were eventually defeated and incorporated into Seljuk territory by 1178, after the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Myriokephalon.
Remaining members of the dynasty entered the service of the Seljuks. 20th century historian İsmail Hami Danişmend is a descendant of the family.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
[edit] Sources
[edit] Footnotes
| Landmarks of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate and Turkish Beyliks |
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| Anatolian Turkish Beyliks |
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| Ahlatshahs (1100 - 1207) |
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Founder: Sökmen el Kutbi • Capital: Ahlat
Important centers and extension: Silvan • Malazgirt • Erciş • Adilcevaz • Başkale • Eleşkirt • Van • Tatvan • Bitlis • Muş • Hani
Dynasty: Sökmen el Kutbi (1100-1112) • İbrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?) • Ahmed bin İbrahim (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (1128 - 1185) • Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185 - 1193) • Aksungur (1193 - 1197) • Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185 - 1207)
1207: Submitted to the Ayyoubids
Important works: Ahlat Tombs
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| Artuklu (1102 - ) |
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Ancestors: Eksük and his son Artuk, commander of Alparslan, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder: Muinüddin Sökmen Bey • Capitals: Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
Important centers and extension: Diyarbekir • Hasankeyf • Silvan • Mardin • Midyat • Harput • Palu • Aleppo (temporarily as of 1117)
Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102-1104) • Sökmenli İbrahim Bey (1104 - 1131)
Mardin Dynasty or İlgazi Dynasty: Necmeddin İlgazi (1106-1122) • Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122 - 1154) • Necmeddin Alp (1154 - 1176)
Harput Dynasty: Belek Bey (1112-1124) • Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
Important works: Artuklu Palace in Diyarbakır • Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls • Malabadi Bridge • Hasankeyf Bridge • Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108) • Emineddin (brother of İlgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between (1122) • Great Mosque of Silvan • Great Mosque of Mardin • Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir) • Great Mosque of Kızıltepe • Great Mosque of Harput • Artuklu Caravanserai in Mardin • İbrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
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| Saltuklu (1072-1202) |
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Founder: Saltuk Bey • Capital: Erzurum
Important centers and extension: Erzurum • Tercan
Dynasty: Saltuk Bey (1072-1102) • Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~ 1124) • Ziyâüddin Gazi (~ 1124-1132) • İzzeddin Saltuk (1132-1168) • Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168-1191) • Mama Hatun (1191-1200) • Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200-1202)
1202: Incorporation into the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
Important works: Great Mosque of Erzurum • Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum • Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan • Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan • Kale Mosque in Erzurum • Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
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| Aydınoğlu (1307 - 1425) |
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Founder: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey • Capitals: Birgi, later Ayasluğ
Important centers and extension: Tire • İzmir • Alaşehir • Aydın • Sakız/Chios (between 1336-1344)
Dynasty: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307 - 1334) • Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1334-1348) • Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) • Aydınoğlu İsa Bey ( - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402-1403) • Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403 - 1405) • İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405 - 1425 with intervals) • 1425: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: İsabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
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| Candaroğlu (~1300 - 1461) |
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Founder: Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Sinop • Eflani • Çankırı • Kalecik • Tosya • Araç • Samsun (temporarily)
Dynasty: Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~ 1340) • Candaroğlu İbrahim Bey (1340-1345) • Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340-1361) • Celaleddin Bayezid (1361-1385) • Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384-1392)
1392: Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu branch into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I
Sinop Dynasty or İsfendiyaroğlu Dynasty: İsfendiyar Bey (1385-1440) • Taceddin İbrahim Bey (1440-1443) • Kemaleddin İsmail Bey (1443-1461)
1461: Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
Important works:
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| Çobanoğlu (1227-1309) |
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Founder: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Kastamonu • Taşköprü
Dynasty: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?) • Alp Yürek (? - ?) • Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?) • Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309) •
1309: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Candaroğlu
Important works:
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| Dulkadir (1348- ~ 1525) |
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Ancestor: Hasan Dulkadir • Founder: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey • Capital: Elbistan
Important centers and extension: Maraş • Malatya • Harput • Kayseri • Antep
Dynasty: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348-1348) • Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348-1386) • Sûli Bey (1386-1396) • Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396-1443) • Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443-1454) • Melik Arslan (?-?) • Shah Budak (?-1492) • Şahsuvar (?-?) • Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492-1507) • Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~ 1525)
1443-1525: Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
Important works:
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| Eretna (1328 - 1381) |
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Founder: Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Demirtaş• Capital: Sivas, later Kayseri
Important centers and extension: Sivas • Kayseri • Niğde • Tokat • Amasya • Erzincan • Şarkikarahisar • Niksar
Dynasty: Eretna Bey (1328-1352) • Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352-1365) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365-1380) • Mehmed Bey the Second (1380-1381)
1326: Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin
Important works:
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| Eşrefoğlu (1288 - 1326) |
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Founder: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate •• Capital: Beyşehir
Important centers and extension: Beyşehir •• Akşehir •• Bolvadin
Dynasty: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288 - 1302) •• Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302-1320) •• Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320-1326)
1326: Beylik destroyed by Demirtaş, the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia
Important works: Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Beyşehir (1299)
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| Germiyan (1300 - 1429) |
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Ancestor:: Kerimüddin Alişir • Founder: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First • Capital: Kütahya
Important centers and extension: Kula (District), Manisa • Simav • Yenicekent • Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300-1368)
Dynasty: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300 - 1340) • Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340-1361) • Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361 - 1387)
1390: First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402-1429) • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I • 1429: Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works:
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| Hamidoğlu (~ 1280 - 1374) |
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Ancestors:: Hamid and his son İlyas Bey, frontier rulers under Anatolian Seljuks • Founder: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey • Capital: Isparta
Important centers and extension: Eğirdir • Uluborlu • Gölhisar • Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Dynasty: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~ 1280 - 1324) • Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324-1330) • Hamidoğlu Necmeddin İshak Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin İlyas Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
1374: Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanoğlu dynasty.
Important works:
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| Karamanoğlu (~ 1250 - 1487) |
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Ancestor:: Nure Sûfi from Avşar Oghuz clan • Founder: Kerimüddin Karaman Bey • Capitals: successively Ereğli • Ermenek • Larende (Karaman) • Konya • Mut
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty: Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256-1261) • Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261-1283) • Güneri Bey (1283-1300) • Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300-1308) • Yahşı Han Bey (1308-1312) • Bedreddin İbrahim Bey (1312-1333) • Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333-1348) • Bedreddin İbrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348-1349) • Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349-1350) • Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350-1351) • Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351-1356) • Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356-1357) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357-1398) • Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398-1399) • Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418-1424) • Damat İbrahim Bey (1424-1464) • Sultanzade İshak Bey (1464) • Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464-1469) • Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469-1483) • Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483-1487)
1398-1402: First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane • 1414-1487: Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II.
Important works:
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| Karesi (1303 - 1360) |
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Ancestor:: Melik Danişmend Gazi • Founder: Karesi Bey • Capital: Balıkesir
Important centers and extension: Aydıncık • Bergama • Edremit • Bigadiç • Ezine
Dynasty: Karesi Bey (1307 - 1328) • Demir Han (1328-1345) • Yahşı Han (1328-1345) • Süleyman Bey (1345-1360)
1374: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan I and Murad I
Important works:
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| Ladik (İnançoğlu) (~ 1300 - 1368) |
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Ancestor:: Germiyanlı Ali Bey • Founder: İnanç Bey • Capital: Denizli
Important centers and extension: Denizli
Dynasty: İnanç Bey (~ 1300 - ~ 1314) • Murad Arslan (~ 1314 - ?) • İnançoğlu İshak Bey (? - ~ 1360) • Süleyman Bey (1345-1368)
1368: Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
Important works:
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| Menteşe (~1261 - 1424) |
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Founder: Menteşe Bey • Capitals: Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
Important centers and extension: present-day Muğla Province • Muğla • Finike • Kaş • Çameli • Acıpayam • Tavas • Bozdoğan • Çine • temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300-1314
Dynasty: Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282) • Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320) • Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340) • Menteşeoğlu İbrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
1360: Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu İbrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed •
1390: First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu İlyas Bey • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I • 1424: Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Firuz Bey Mosque in Milas • İlyas Bey Mosque in Balat • Great Mosque of Muğla (1344) • Vakıflar Hamam (Turkish bath) in Muğla (1334)
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| Pervâne (1261 - 1322) |
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Ancestor: Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî (vizier of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate) • Founder: Süleyman Pervâne • Capital: Sinop
Important centers and extension: Sinop
Dynasty: Süleyman Pervâne (1261-1277) • Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277-1296) • Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296-1300) • Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300-1326)
1516: Incorporation into the Beylik of Candaroğlu
Important works: Muîneddin Pervâne Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Tokat (1276) • Pervâne Medrese in Sinop • Durağan Han caravanserai in Durağan (1266) • Eğret Han caravanserai near İhsaniye (1278) • Pervâne Bey Medrese in Closed Bazaar in Kayseri • Mosque in Merzifon
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| Ramazanoğlu (1352 - 1516) |
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Founder: Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan • Capitals: Adana
Important centers and extension: Adana • Tarsus
Dynasty: Ramazanoğlu İbrahim Bey (1344-?) • Ramazanoğlu Ahmed Bey (? -1416) • Ramazanoğlu İbrahim Bey the Second (1416-1417) • Ramazanoğlu Hamza Bey (1417-1427) • Ramazanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1427-?) • Ramazanoğlu Eylük Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Dündar Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Ömer Bey (?-1490) • Gıyaseddin Halil Bey (1490-1511) • Ramazanoğlu Mahmud Bey (1511-1516) • Ramazanoğlu Selim Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Kubad Bey (1517-?)
1516: Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I • 1516 - 1608: Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
Important works:
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| Saruhan (1302 - 1410) |
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Founder: Saruhan Bey • Capital: Manisa
Important centers and extension: Demirci • Nif (Kemalpaşa) • Akhisar • Gördes • Menemen
Dynasty: Dynasty: Saruhan Bey (1302 - 1345) • Fahreddin İlyas Bey • Muzafferüddin İshak Bey ( - 1388) • Hızır Shah (1388 - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1410: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402-1403) • Hızır Shah (1403 - 1410) • 1410: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
Important works:
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| Teke (1301 - 1423) |
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Ancestors: Hamidoğlu dynasty • Founder: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey • Capitals: Antalya • Korkuteli
Important centers and extension: Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361-1373) • Teke Peninsula
Dynasty: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301 - ?) • Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey ( ? - 1327) • Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey ( ? - ?) • Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (? - ?) • Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~ 1360 - ~ 1375) • Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~ 1375 - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1423: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402-1423) • 1423: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~ 1375)
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az:Danişməndli Bəyliyi
bg:Данишменди
de:Danischmenden
es:Danisméndidas
id:Danishmend
tr:Danişmendliler
