Coins of the pound sterling

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This article concerns British coinage, the coinage of the United Kingdom.

For related topics see:

• British banknotes
• Pound sterling

[edit] Current coinage

The British currency was decimalised on 15 February 1971. The basic unit of currency – the pound (or pound sterling) – was unaffected. Before decimalisation there were 240 (old) pence in a pound, now there are 100 (new) pence. The new coins were marked with the wording NEW PENNY (singular) or NEW PENCE (plural) to distinguish them from the old. The word "new" was dropped effective with the 1982 coinage. The symbol p was also adopted to distinguish the new pennies from the old, which used the symbol d, which came from the Latin denarius, a coin used in the Roman Empire.

Every year, newly minted coins are checked for size, weight, and composition at a Trial of the Pyx. Essentially the same procedure has been used since the thirteenth century. Assaying is now done by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths on behalf of HM Treasury.

The total amount of coinage in circulation is roughly three and a quarter billion pounds, of which the £1 and £2 coins account for almost two billion pounds [2].

With their high copper content, the pre-1992 1p and 2p coins would be worth more if melted down than their face value (as of February 2007). To do this, however, would be illegal, and they would need to be melted in huge quantities to achieve significant gain.

[edit] Obverse of modern coins

All modern coins feature a profile of the current monarch's head. The direction in which they face changes with each successive monarch, a pattern that began with the Restoration of Charles II, as shown in the table below:

For the Tudors and pre-Restoration Stuarts, both left and right-facing portrait images were minted within the reign of a single monarch (left-facing images were more common). Medieval portrait images tended to be full face.

There was a small quirk in this alternating pattern when Edward VIII ascended to the throne. George V coins had him facing the left, as did Edward VIII, his successor. This was because Edward thought that to be his best side, breaking with tradition (many saw this as portent of a bad reign^{[citation needed]}). However, none of these coins were put into general circulation before Edward abdicated. When George VI came to the throne, he had his coins struck with him facing the left, as if Edward's coins had faced the right (as they should have done in theory). This means that in a timeline of coins used in Britain, George V and VI's coins face to the left, despite the fact they follow directly chronologically. All current coins include the Latin inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSOR in abbreviated form, which means "Elizabeth II, by the grace of God, Queen and Defender of the Faith", with Elizabeth II facing to the right.

[edit] Values and dates

• Half penny (£0.005) 1971–1984, demonetised since then.
• One penny (£0.01), 1971–
• Two pence (£0.02), 1971–
• Five pence (£0.05), 1968–1990 (reduced to present size); 1990–
• Ten pence (£0.10), 1968–1992 (reduced to present size); 1992–
• Twenty pence (£0.20), 1982–
• Twenty-five pence or crown (£0.25), 1972–1981 (special issues, not in common circulation)
• Fifty pence (£0.50), 1969–1997 (reduced to present size); 1997–
• One pound (£1.00), 1983–
• Two pounds (£2.00), 1986–1997 (special issues) 1997– (first general issue)
• Five pounds (£5.00), 1990– (special issues, not in common circulation)

A quarter-penny coin, to be struck in aluminium, was proposed at the time decimalisation was being planned, but was never minted.

The half-penny coin was demonetised in 1984.

The standard one penny and two pence coins were first issued in 1971 and are the oldest standard issue coins still in circulation.

In the 1990s the Royal Mint reduced the sizes of the 5 pence, 10 pence and 50 pence coins. As a consequence, the oldest 5p coins in circulation date from 1990, the oldest 10p coins from 1992 and the oldest 50p coins come from 1997. Since 1997, many special commemorative designs of 50p have been issued. Some of these are to be found in circulation and some are not. They are all legal tender.

The 20 pence coin was introduced in 1982 to fill the gap between the 10p and 50p coins.

The first pound coin was introduced in 1983 to replace the Bank of England £1 banknote which was discontinued in 1984 (although the Scottish banks continued producing them for some time afterwards; the last of them, the Royal Bank of Scotland £1 note, is still in production as of early 2006). The designs on the one pound coin change often in a largely five-year cycle.

A circulating bimetallic £2 coin was also introduced in 1998 (first minted in, and dated, 1997). There had previously been unimetallic commemorative £2 coins which did not normally circulate. This tendency to use the two pound coin for commemorative issues has continued since the introduction of the bimetallic coin, and a few of the older unimetallic coins have since entered circulation.

There are also commemorative issues of crowns. Before 1990 they were rated as 25p pieces, equivalent to the five shilling crown used in pre-decimal Britain. However, in 1990 crowns were redefined with a face value of £5 as the previous value was considered not important enough for such a high-status coin. The size and weight of the coin remained exactly the same. Decimal crowns are generally not found in circulation as their market value is likely to be higher than that of their face value, but they remain legal tender

Several of these coins have changed in size and design since first introduction. For more details, see the individual pages for each coin.

[edit] Specifications

[edit] Images

[edit] New designs

In August 2005, the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new designs for 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p coins. The competition closed on 14 November 2005, and the final designs have been decided upon.^[1] New designs will be subjected to public consultation before their introduction, and the successful designers will receive £5,000 in prize money.

It has since been announced by the Royal Mint that the new designs will be announced and introduced in the Spring of 2008 ^[2] and will "reflect a more contemporary, twenty-first Century Britain.

[edit] Other British coins

[edit] Crown dependencies and overseas territories

The Crown dependencies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom, although using the Pound, are responsible for their own economies, and thus mint their own coinage. These are in the same denominations as those of the UK, but with their own designs.

Coins from other British territories are sometimes found in change in other jurisdictions. Strictly they are not legal tender in the United Kingdom and tend not to be accepted by UK traders and some banks. Since they have the same specifications as UK coins, they are sometimes tolerated in commerce, and can readily be used in vending machines.

UK issued British coins are, on the other hand, generally fully accepted and freely mixed in other British territories which use the pound.

[edit] Maundy money

There are Maundy coins in denominations of one, two, three and four pence. They bear dates from 1822 to the present and are minted in very small quantities. Though they are legal tender in the UK, they are never encountered in circulation. The pre-decimal Maundy pieces have the same legal tender status and value as post-decimal ones, and were effectively increased in face value by 140% upon decimalization. Their numismatic value is, of course, much greater

[edit] Bullion coinage

The traditional bullion coin issued by Britain is the gold sovereign, formerly a circulating coin, with a face value of one pound.

Since 1987 a series of bullion coins, the Britannia, has been issued, containing one troy ounce, half ounce, quarter ounce, and one-tenth ounce of fine gold at a millesimal fineness of 917 (22 carat) and with face values of £100, £50, £25, and £10.

Since 1997 silver bullion coins have also been produced under the name “Britannias”. The alloy used is Britannia silver (millesimal fineness 958). The silver coins are available in 1 ounce, ¹⁄₂ ounce, ¹⁄₄ ounce, and ¹⁄₁₀ ounce sizes.

[edit] Pre-decimal system

See also: Decimal Day

Pre-decimalisation, the pound was divided into 240 pence rather than 100, though it was rarely expressed in this way. Rather it was expressed in terms of pounds, shillings and pence, where:

• £1 = 20 shillings (20s).
• 1 shilling = 12 pence (12d).

Thus: £1 = 240 pence. The penny was further subdivided at various times, though these divisions vanished as inflation made them irrelevant:

• 1 penny = 2 halfpennies and (earlier) 4 farthings (half-farthing, third-farthing, and quarter-farthing coins were actually minted in the late 1800s, but circulated only in certain British colonies and not in the UK itself).

Using the example of five shillings and sixpence, the standard ways of writing shillings and pence were:

• 5s 6d
• 5/6 (see below for the / mark)
• 5/- for 5 shillings only, with the dash to stand for zero pennies.

The sum of 5/6 would be spoken as "five shillings and sixpence" or "five and six".

The symbol, £, for the pound is derived from the first letter of the Latin word for pound, libra.^[3] This symbol is found in the Unicode table as (U+00A3) (which renders as £), and differs from that allocated to the Turkish and former Italian unit, the lira, which derives from the same source word. That symbol is usually two-barred, and is found at (U+20A4) (₤). Although the British pound symbol may occasionally be found written with two bars, many people follow the convention used on Bank of England banknotes which is to use just one bar; the same is generally used for type faces.

The old abbreviation for the penny, d, was derived from the Roman denarius, and the abbreviation for the shilling, s, from the Roman solidus. The shilling was also denoted by the slash symbol, also called a solidus for this reason. The English penny was derived from a silver coin (the sceat of 20 grains weight) which was in general circulation in Europe during the Middle Ages. The weight of this coin was originally 20 grains but was fixed at 22.5 grains by Offa of Mercia (an 8th century contemporary of Charlemagne), or ¹⁄₂₄₀ of a Tower pound—around 1.46 grams. The Troy pound replaced the Tower pound in the 16th century, but by then the penny had been heavily debased to about a third the silver content of a proper Troy 24 grain pennyweight (1.555g).

The coinage reform of 1816 set up a weight/value ratio and physical sizes for silver coins which remained constant in the UK until decimalisation, and even after decimalisation for those coins which had equivalents and continued to be minted with their values in new pence. This weight/value ratio and size system survived the debasement of silver in 1920, and the adoption of token coins of cupro-nickel in 1947. The system was also widely adopted throughout the British Empire, including Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, South Africa, Rhodesia, etc. The UK finally abandoned it in the 1990s by the introduction of smaller, more convenient, coins.

Some implementations of the PL/I programming language contained a "STERLING" data type for arithmetical calculations involving pre-decimalisation currency. The sum of two pounds, ten shillings and sixpence, for example, was represented as 2.10.6L (note the capital "L" at the end).

The pre-decimalisation coins with exact decimal equivalent values continued in use after 1971 alongside the new coins, albeit with new names, (e.g., the shilling became the 5p coin, and the florin equating to 10p). The others were withdrawn almost immediately but most of those that did have precise equivalents in the new system remained legal tender until they were replaced by smaller coins in the early 1990s. Pre-decimalisation shillings were used as 5p coins, with many people calling the new 5p coin a shilling, since it remained 1/20 of a pound, but was now worth 5p instead of 12d. The pre-decimalisation sixpence, also known as a sixpenny bit or sixpenny piece, was rated at 2½p but was demonetised in 1980.

A similar pre-decimal system operated in France, also based on the Roman currency, consisting of the livre (L) sol (s) and denier (d). Until 1816 the same system was used in the Netherlands, consisting of the gulden (f) stuiver and cent.

[edit] Slang

Some pre-decimalisation coins or denominations became commonly known by slang terms, perhaps the most well known being bob for a shilling, and quid for a pound. A farthing was a mag, a silver threepence was a joey and the later aluminium-bronze threepence was called a threepenny bit (pronounced /θrʌpni/, /θrʊpni/ or /θrɛpni/ bit); a sixpence was a tanner , the two-shilling coin or florin was a two-bob bit, and the two shillings and sixpence coin or half-crown was a half dollar. Quid remains as popular slang for one or more pounds to this day in Britain in the form "a quid" and then "two quid" etc. "Threepenny bits" (often contracted to /θrʌpnɪz/, /θrʊpnɪz/ or /θrɛpnɪz/) is rhyming slang for the word "tits" (female breasts) and "two-bob bit" is rhyming slang for "shit" (to defecate).

[edit] Silver content

From the time of Charlemagne until the 12th century, the silver currency of England was made from the highest purity silver available. Unfortunately there were drawbacks to minting currency of Fine Silver, notably the level of wear it suffered, and the ease with which coins could be "clipped", or trimmed by those dealing in the currency.

In the 12th century a new standard for English coinage was established by Henry II, the Sterling Silver standard of metal—92.5% silver and 7.5% copper used in coinage. This was a harder wearing alloy, yet it was still a rather high grade of silver. It went some way to discouraging the practice of "clipping", though this practice was further discouraged and largely eliminated with the introduction of the milled edge we see on coins today.

In 1920, the silver content of all British coins was reduced from 92.5% to 50%, with a portion of the remainder consisting of manganese, which caused the coins to tarnish to a very dark colour after they had been in circulation for a significant period. Silver was eliminated altogether in 1947, except for Maundy coinage, which returned to the pre-1920 92.5 percent silver composition.

[edit] History of the penny

Main article: History of the English penny.

The penny was originally one '"pennyweight"' of silver. A pennyweight is a unit of mass which is the same as 1.555 grams, or ¹⁄₂₄₀ of a troy pound. So, a penny was literally, as well as monetarily, ¹⁄₂₄₀ of a troy pound of sterling silver. The weight of this coin was instituted by Charlemagne, and the purity of 92.5% silver (i.e., sterling silver) was instituted by Henry II in 1158 with the "Tealby Penny"—a hammered coin. At this time the standard unit of currency in England was the penny.

The medieval penny would have been the equivalent of around 1s 6d in value in 1915. British government sources suggest that prices have risen over 61-fold since 1914, so a medieval sterling silver penny might have the equivalent purchasing power of around £4.50 today, and a farthing (a quarter penny) would have the value of slightly more than today's pound (about £1.125).

[edit] Denominations of pre-decimal coins and their years of production

The value of some coins fluctuated, particularly in the reigns of James I and Charles I. The value of a Guinea fluctuated between 20 and 30 shillings before being fixed at 21 shillings in December 1717.

These are denominations of British, or earlier English, coins—Scottish coins had different values.

• Five Guineas (originally 100/- [£5], later 105/- [£5.25]) 1668–1753.
• Five Pounds (100/- [£5]) (Gold) 1826–1990.
• Triple Unite (60/- [£3]) 1642–1644.
• Fifty Shillings (50/- [£2.5]) 1656.
• Two Guineas (42/- [£2.1]) 1664–1753.
• Two Pounds (40/- [£2]) 1823–1937.
• Rose Ryal (30/- [£1.5]) 1604–1625.
• Guinea (21/- [£1.05]) 1663–1799, 1813
• Broad (20/- [£1]) 1656.
• Sovereign (20/- [£1]) 1489–1604; 1817–1937, since 1957 a bullion coin.
• Laurel (20/- [£1]) 1619–1644?
• Unite (20/- [£1]) 1604–1619; 1649–1662.
• Spur Ryal (15/- [£0.75]) 1604–1625.
• Half guinea (10/6 [£0.525]) 1669–1813.
• Half sovereign (10/- [£0.5]) 1544–1553; 1603–1604; 1817–1937, since 1980 a bullion coin.
• Double Crown (10/- [£0.5]) 1604–1619; 1625–1662.
• Halfpound (10/- [£0.5]) 1559–1602; 1642–1644
• Half Unite (10/- [£0.5]) 1642–1643.
• Half laurel (10/- [£0.5]) 1619–1625.
• Rose Noble or Ryal (10/- [£0.5], 15/- [£0.75] from 1553) 1464–1470, 1487, 1553–1603.
• Third guinea (7/- [£0.35]) 1797–1813.
• Noble (6/8 [£0.3333], raised to 8/4 [£0.4167] in 1464) 1344–1464.
• Angel (6/8 [£0.3333]) 1461–1643.
• Florin or Double Leopard (6/- [£0.3]) 1344. Demonetised within 1 year.
• Quarter guinea (5/3 [£0.2625]) 1718, 1762.
• Crown (5/- [£0.25]) 1526–1965
• Crown of the Rose (4/6 [£0.225]) 1526–1551.
• Double florin (4/- [£0.2]), 1887–1890.
• Half Noble (3/4 [£0.1667], increased to 4/2 [£0.2083] in 1464); minted 1346–1438.
• Half Angel (3/4 [£0.1667], later 5/6 [£0.275]), 1470–1619.
• Half Florin or Leopard (3/- [£0.15]) 1344. Extremely rare.
• Half crown (2/6 [£0.125]), 1526–1969.
• Quarter Angel (2/- [£0.1]), 1547–1600. Gold.
• Florin (2/- [£0.1]), 1848–1970, circulated until 1993 as the old Ten Pence coin.
• Gold penny (1/8 [£0.0833] - 2/- [£0.1]) 1257–1265. Gold. Undervalued for its metal content and extremely rare.
• Quarter Noble (1/8 [£0.0833]), 1344–1470.
• Quarter Florin or Helm (1/6 [£0.075]), 1344. Gold coin demonetised within 1 year.
• Shilling (1/- [£0.05]), 1502–1970, circulated until 1990 as the old Five Pence coin.
• Sixpence (6d [£0.025]), 1547–1970
• Groat (4d [£0.0167]) silver 1279–1662, 1836–1862 (and thereafter only for Maundy)
• Threepence (3d [£0.0125]), silver 1547–1945 (and thereafter only for Maundy), nickel-brass 1937–1970
• Half Groat (2d [£0.0083]), 1351–1662
• Twopence (2d [£0.0083]), silver (inc. Maundy) 1668–current; copper 1797–1798.
• Three Halfpence (1½d [£0.0063]), 1561–1582, 1834–1870 *
• Penny (1d [£0.0042]), 757–1970
• Three Farthings (0.75d [£0.0031]), 1561–1582.
• Halfpenny (0.5d [£0.0021]), 1272–1969
• Farthing (0.25d [£0.00104167]), c. 1200–1960
• Half farthing (0.125d [£0.00052083]), 1828–1868 *
• Third farthing (0.08333d [£0.0003472]) 1827–1913 *
• Quarter farthing (0.0625d [£0.00026]), 1839–1868 *
• Mire (0.04166d), dates unknown

Note: * = denomination issued for use in the colonies, usually in Ceylon, Malta, or the West Indies, but normally counted as part of the British coinage.

The medieval florin, half florin, and quarter florin were gold coins intended to circulate in Europe as well as in England and were valued as much more than the Victorian and later florin and double florin. The medieval florins were withdrawn within a year because they contained insufficient gold for their face value and thus were unacceptable to merchants.

All British coins produced since 1662 have been milled; the first milled coins were produced during the reign of Elizabeth I and periodically during the reigns of James I and Charles I, but there was opposition to mechanisation from the moneyers who ensured that most coins continued to be produced by hammering.

In medieval times, the penny was a sterling silver coin. English silver pennies are a collectible, and are now quite rare.

[edit] Inscriptions

[edit] Titles

From a very early date, British coins have been inscribed with the name of the ruler of the kingdom in which they were produced, and a longer or shorter title, always in Latin; among the earliest distinctive English coins are the silver pennies of Offa of Mercia, which were inscribed with the legend OFFA REX "King Offa". As the legends became longer, words in the inscriptions were often abbreviated so that they could fit on the coin; identical legends have often been abbreviated in different ways depending upon the size and decoration of the coin. Inscriptions which go around the edge of the coin generally have started at the center of the top edge and proceeded in a clockwise direction. A very lengthy legend would be continued on the reverse side of the coin.

More recent legends include the following, in unabbreviated form:

HENRICUS VII DEI GRATIA REX ANGLIAE & FRANCIAE "Henry VII by the grace of God, King of England and France". France had been claimed by the English continuously since 1369.

HENRICUS VIII DEI GRATIA REX ANGLIAE & FRANCIAE "Henry VIII by the grace of God, King of England and France". The Arabic numeral 8 was also used instead of the Roman VIII.

HENRICUS VIII DEI GRATIA ANGLIAE FRANCIAE & HIBERNIAE REX "Henry VIII by the grace of God, Of England, France and Ireland, King". Henry VIII made Ireland a kingdom in 1541. The Arabic numeral 8 was also used instead of the Roman VIII.

PHILIPPUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA REX & REGINA "Philip and Mary by the grace of God, King and Queen". The names of the realms were omitted from the coin for reasons of space.

ELIZABETH DEI GRATIA ANGLIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REGINA "Elizabeth, by the grace of God, of England, France, and Ireland, Queen".

IACOBUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX "James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King". James, King of Scotland, by succeeding to the English throne united the two kingdoms in his person; he dubbed the combination of the two kingdoms "Great Britain" (the name of the whole island) though they remained legislatively distinct for more than a century afterwards.

CAROLUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX "Charles, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King".

OLIVARIUS DEI GRATIA REIPUBLICAE ANGLIAE SCOTIAE HIBERNIAE & CETERORUM PROTECTOR "Oliver, by the grace of God, of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland etc., Protector". Cromwell ruled as a monarch but did not claim the title of king.

CAROLUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX "Charles II, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King".

IACOBUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX "James II, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King".

GULIELMUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX ET REGINA "William and Mary by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King and Queen". The spouses William and Mary ruled jointly.

GULIELMUS III DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX "William III by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King". William continued to rule alone after his wife's death.

ANNA DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REGINA "Anne by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Queen".

GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR "George by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector." George I added the titles he already possessed as Elector of Hanover. He also added the title "Defender of the Faith", which had been borne by the English kings since Henry VIII, but which had previously only rarely appeared on coins.

GEORGIUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR "George II by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector."

GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR "George III by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector."

GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR "George III, by the grace of God, of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith." By the Act of Union 1801, Ireland was united with Great Britain into a single kingdom, which is represented on the coinage by the genitive of the Latin Britanniae "Britains" (often abbreviated BRITT), signifying "the realms of the British Isles". At the same time the United Kingdom abandoned the traditional claim to France, and the other titles were dropped from the coinage.

GEORGIUS IIII (IV) DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR "George IV, by the grace of God, of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith." The Roman numeral "4" is represented by both IIII and IV in different issues.

GULIELMUS IIII DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR "William IV, by the grace of God, of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith."

VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSOR "Victoria, by the grace of God, of the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith."

VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATRIX "Victoria, by the grace of God, of the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India." Queen Victoria was granted the title "Empress of India" in 1877.

EDWARDUS VII DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR "Edward VII, by the grace of God, of all the Britains King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India." Edward VII's coins added OMNIUM "all" after "Britains" to imply a rule over the British overseas colonies as well as the British Isles..

GEORGIUS V DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR "George V, by the grace of God, of all the Britains King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India."

GEORGIUS VI DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR "George VI, by the grace of God, of all the Britains King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India."

GEORGIUS VI DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR "George VI, by the grace of God, of all the Britains King, Defender of the Faith." The title "Emperor of India" was abandoned in 1948, after the independence of India and Pakistan.

ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSOR "Elizabeth II, by the grace of God, of all the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith."

ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSOR "Elizabeth II, by the grace of God, Queen, Defender of the Faith." The "of all the Britains" was dropped from the coinage in 1954, and current coins do not name any realm.

[edit] Mottos

In addition to the title, a Latin or French motto might be included, generally on the reverse side of the coin. These varied between denomiations and issues; some were personal to the monarch, others were more general. Some of the mottoes were:

POSUI DEUM ADIUTOREM MEUM "I have made God my helper". Coins of Henry VII, Henry VIII, Elizabeth I. Possibly refers to Psalms 52:7, Ecce homo qui non posuit Deum adjutorem suum.

POSUIMUS DEUM ADIUTOREM NOSTRUM "We have made God our helper". Coins of Philip and Mary. The same as above, but with a plural subject.

FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM UNAM "I shall make them into one nation". Coins of James I, signifying his desire to unite the English and Scotch nations. Refers to Ezekiel 37:2 in the Vulgate Bible.

CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO "I reign with Christ as my protector". Coins of Charles I.

EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI "May God rise up, may [his] enemies be scattered". Coins of Charles I, during the Civil War. Refers to Psalms 67:1 in the Vulgate Bible.

PAX QUAERITUR BELLO "Peace is sought by war". Coins of the Protectorate; personal motto of Oliver Cromwell.

BRITANNIA "Britain". Reign of Charles II to George III. Found on pennies and smaller denominations.

HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE. "Shamed be he who thinks ill of it." Sovereigns of George III, . Motto of the Order of the Garter.

[edit] See also

• Royal Mint
• Roman currency
• Mark (money)
• UK topics

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Coins of England and Great Britain
• British Coin Denominations
• British Coinage from the Royal Mint's website.
• CoinPeople.com British Coin Forum A friendly numismatic community.
• Coin Designs- Royal Mint Competition Designs
• British Coins - Free information about British coins. Includes an online forum.

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