Chiricahua

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Image:Text document with red question mark.svg

This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations.

Chiricahua (also Chiricahua Apaches, Chiricagui, Apaches de Chiricahui, Chiricahues, Chilicague, Chilecagez, Chiricagua) (pronounced /ˌtʃɪrɨˈkɑːwə/; AHD: [chĭ-rĭ-kä´-wə]) refers to a group of bands of Apache that formerly lived in the general areas of southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona in the United States, and in northern Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico (it is not possible to precisely define the exact boundaries of their territory).

Contents 1 History 2 Bands 3 Time line 4 See also 5 External links 6 Bibliography

[edit] History

Led by Cochise and later by Goyaałé (more famously known as Geronimo), this Apache band was the last to resist U.S. government control of the southwest. They finally surrendered in 1886 and were exiled to Florida, Alabama, and Oklahoma. Eventually most were moved to the Fort Sill military reservation in Oklahoma until 1913, when they were allowed to return to what is now Arizona. Many still live in Oklahoma or on the Mescalero reservation in New Mexico. Their last stronghold was the Chiricahua Mountains, in southeastern Arizona, part of which is now inside Chiricahua National Monument. Mangas Coloradas (Eastern) and Victorio (Eastern or Mimbres) were also famous (to non-Apaches at least) Chiricahua leaders between 1850 and 1890. Not to mention Juh (Southern). Then there is Nana, who was with both Victorio and Geronimo, whom Crook in 1885 thought was "the brains of the hostile bands".

[edit] Bands

Since the band was much more important than tribe in Chiricahua culture, there is no native word for a Chiricahua tribe in the Chiricahua language.

According to Opler (1941) the Chiricahuas consisted of three bands:

• Chíhéne or Chííhénee’ 'Red Paint People' (also known as the Eastern Chiricahua, Warm Springs Apache, Gileños, Ojo Caliente Apache, Coppermine Apache, Copper Mine, Mimbreños, Mimbres, Mogollones, Tcihende),
• Ch’úk’ánéń or Ch’uuk’anén (also known as the Central Chiricahua, Ch’ók’ánéń, Cochise Apache, Chiricahua proper, Chiricaguis, Tcokanene),
• Ndé’indaaí or Nédnaa’í 'Enemy People' (also known as the Southern Chiricahua, Chiricahua proper, Pinery Apache, Ne’na’i).

Schroeder (1947) disagrees with Opler and list five bands:

• Mogollon
• Copper Mine
• Mimbres
• Warm Spring
• Chiricahua proper

According to the Chiricahua-Warm Springs Fort Sill Apache tribe in Oklahoma there are four bands in Fort Sill:

• Chíhéne (also known as the Warm Springs band, Chinde (?)),
• Chukunen (also known as the Chiricahua band, Chokonende),
• Bidánku (also known as Bidanku, Bedonkohe (?)),
• Ndéndai (also known as Ndénai, Nednai).

Additionally there is the word Chidikáágu (derived from the Spanish word Chiricahua) which refers to Chiricahuas in general, and the word Indé, which refers to Apaches in general.

Chiricahuas are called Ha’i’ą́há (meaning 'Eastern sunrise") by the White Mountain, Cibecue, and Bylas groups of the Western Apaches.

They are called Hák’ą́yé by the San Carlos group of the Western Apaches.

The Navajos call Chiricahuas Chíshí.

[edit] Time line

Abt 1823 Geronimo born along headwaters of Gila River in New Mexico or Arizona.

1848 U.S. moves into Apache Territory.

1851 Geronimo’s wife and children killed by Mexicans.

1852 Treaty between U.S. and Chiricahuas.

1850-1860 Miners and settlers move into Chiricahua Territory, Apache population diminishes due to starvation, disease, and attacks.

1861 Chiricahuas begin fighting U.S. after Mangas Coloradas is whipped by miners and Cochise’s relatives are killed by army.

1862 Battle of Apache Pass.

1863 Mangas Coloradas murdered by army while seeking peace.

1860-1870 Battles between U.S. and many different tribes.

1871 Reservations made for several Apache Tribes.

1872 Chiricahua Apache Reservation established.

1874 Cochise dies.

1876 Chiricahua Reservation closed, Taza dies September 26, 1876 in Washington, D.C.

1877 Apaches concentrated on one reservation and others closed.

1877-1880 Victorio wars against U.S. Victorio is killed in October of 1880.

1878 Warm Springs Reservation vacated..

1881 Geronimo and others leave reservation.

1882 Loco’s group of Apaches on reservation forced to join Geronimo and many are killed.

1883 Campaign in Mexico.

1884 Return from Mexico. Chiricahuas settle on reservation again.

1885 Chihuahua, Naiche, Mangus, Geronimo and about 120 men, women, and children leave White Mountain Reservation.

1886 Surrender and imprisonment of Chihuahua’s group (77 people), Naiche and Geronimo group (30 people), and Mangas’ group (10-12 people). Peaceful Chiricahuas on reservation and Washington delegation imprisoned. Almost all Chiricahua Apaches are shipped to Florida as prisoners of war (502 people). Most moved to St. Augustine, some to Fort Pickens.

1887-1888 Apache prisoners of war are moved to Alabama. Very high death rate due to disease, climate, and conditions. Children are sent off to Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, PN.

1894 Apache prisoners of war are moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma and told that Fort Sill was to be their permanent home. Apache Prisoners Of War build homes, raise crops and cattle, and try to gain freedom by continued cooperation. Population continues to decline.

1909 Geronimo dies of pneumonia.

1913 Apache prisoners of war released but Military keeps Fort Sill for artillery training. 261 Chiricahua Apaches must choose between joining Mescalero Apache Tribe on reservation in New Mexico or remaining in Oklahoma on allotments of farmland. 82 remain in Oklahoma as the Fort Sill Apache Tribe.

1914 Leave Fort Sill for Oklahoma allotments.

1924 American Indians allowed to vote in U.S.

1932 Fort Sill Apaches sue U.S. for land taken away in 1886 and 1913.

1940s Fort Sill Apache quit farming as unprofitable and leave area for other jobs.

1950s Attempt by B.I.A. to terminate Fort Sill Apache Tribe fails.

1970 Land claim settled. Tribe approves a constitution and buys land (2 ½ acres) to build a tribal office.

1986 Centennial year of surrender and imprisonment of Chiricahua Apaches.

[edit] See also

• Chiricahua language
• Apache
• Southern Athabaskan languages
• Allan Houser

[edit] External links

• Indian Nations Indian Territory Archives - Ft. Sill Apache
• Return of the Chiricahua Apache Nde Nation, Chiriahua Organization
• Fort Sill Apache Tribal Chairman Jeff Housers Website
• Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts
• Allan Houser, Chiricahua Apache artist
• List of some Chiricaua warriors, probably from Thrapp's Biography

[edit] Bibliography

• Castetter, Edward F.; & Opler, Morris E. (1936). The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole, (No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
• Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 0-404-15783-1).
• Opler, Morris E. (1933). An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
• Opler, Morris E. (1935). The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches. American Anthropologist, 37 (1), 65-70.
• Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620-633.
• Opler, Morris E. (1937). An outline of Chiricahua Apache social organization. In F. Egan (Ed.), Social anthropology of North American tribes (pp. 171-239). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Opler, Morris E. (1938). A Chiricahua Apache's account of the Geronimo campaign of 1886. New Mexico Historical Review, 13 (4), 360-386.
• Opler, Morris E. (1941). An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1962 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1965 by New York: Cooper Square Publishers; in 1965 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1994 by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-8610-4).
• Opler, Morris E. (1942). The identity of the Apache Mansos. American Anthropologist, 44 (1), 725.
• Opler, Morris E. (1946). Chiricahua Apache material relating to sorcery. Primitive Man, 19 (3-4), 81-92.
• Opler, Morris E. (1946). Mountain spirits of the Chiricahua Apache. Masterkey, 20 (4), 125-131.
• Opler, Morris E. (1947). Notes on Chiricahua Apache culture, I: Supernatural power and the shaman. Primitive Man, 20 (1-2), 1-14.
• Opler, Morris E. (1983). Chiricahua Apache. In A. Ortiz (Ed.), Southwest (pp. 401-418). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 10). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
• Opler, Morris E.; & French, David H. (1941). Myths and tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians. Memoirs of the American folk-lore society, (Vol. 37). New York: American Folk-lore Society. (Reprinted in 1969 by New York: Kraus Reprint Co.; in 1970 by New York; in 1976 by Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co.; & in 1994 under M. E. Opler, Morris by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8602-3).
• Opler, Morris E.; & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. American Anthropologist, 42 (4), 617-634.
• Schroeder, Albert H. (1974). A study of the Apache Indians: Parts IV and V. Apache Indians (No. 4), American Indian ethnohistory, Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.

v • d • e Topics of Catron County, New Mexico
Natural features	Aspen Mountain • Mogollon Mountains • San Francisco River • Whitewater Baldy • Middle Fork Hot Springs • Jordan Hot Springs • Plains of San Agustin • Turkey Creek Hot Springs • Red Hill volcanic field
Protected areas	Catwalk National Recreation Trail • Gila National Forest • Gila Wilderness • Whitewater Canyon National Forest Recreation Area
National Register of Historic Places listings	Bearwallow Park • Bearwallow Mountain Lookout Cabins and Shed • Black Mountain • Black Mountain Lookout Cabin • Ake Site • El Caso Lake • El Caso Lookout Complex • Bat Cave • Mangas Mountain Lookout Complex • Mogollon Historic District • Socorro Mines Mining Company Mill, Fannie Hill • Mogollon Baldy Lookout Cabin • Red Hill • Mogollon Pueblo • Zuni Salt Lake and Sanctuary
History:	Alma Massacre • Apaches • Chiricahua • Cochise • Elfego Baca • Butch Cassidy • Battle of Tularosa • James C. Cooney • Goyaałé (Geronimo) • Frisco Shootout • Tom Ketchum • Mangas Coloradas • Mimbres Culture • Mogollon Culture • The Lightning Field • Victorio • Wild Bunch

da:Chiricahua

de:Chiricahua es:Chiricahua hr:Chiricahua no:Chiricahua pl:Chiricahua