Chechen people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chechens (Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Nokhchii (singular Nokhchi or Nokhcho), which comes from the name of a large Chechen tribe, the Nokhchmekhkakhoi, and their homeland.

The term "Chechen" is ultimately believed to derive from the Iranian name for the Nokhchii - it first occurs in Arabic sources from the 8th century. According to popular tradition, the Russian term "Chechen" comes from the name of the village of Chechen-aul, where the Chechens defeated Russian soldiers in 1732. But this tradition is clearly false since the word "Chechen" occurs in Russian sources as early as 1692 (the Russians probably derived it from the Kabardian "Shashan").^[1]

The isolated mountain terrain of the Caucasus and the strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Chechens has contributed much to the Chechen community ethos and helped shape a unique national character.

[edit] Geography

The Chechen people are mainly inhabitants of Chechnya, which is internationally recognized as part of the Russian Federation. From 1994 to 1996 a fierce and bloody war was waged all across this country's landscape, destroying cities and families. In 1996, a cease fire treaty between the Russians and Chechen rebel forces was achieved.

There are also significant Chechen populations in other Russian regions (especially in Dagestan and Moscow city). Outside Russia, countries with significant Chechen populations are Georgia, Turkey, Jordan and Syria. These are mainly descendants of people who had to leave Chechnya during the Caucasian Wars around 1850, which led to the annexing of the area called Ingushetia, which included the territories of Ossetia and Chechnya.

[edit] Origins

The Nakh clans, the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush, lived in the mountains of the region until the 16th century, where they began settling in the lowlands.^[2] This was also the time when the Islamization of these peoples began, under the influence of bordering nationalities.^[2]

[edit] Language

Main article: Chechen language

The main languages of the Chechen people are Chechen and Russian. Chechen belongs to the family of Nakh languages (North-Central Caucasian Languages). Literary Chechen is based on the central lowland dialect. Other dialects include Ingush, which has speakers in Ingushetia, and Batsi, which is the language of the cattle-farmers in part of Georgia.

[edit] Culture

Prior to the adoption of Islam, the Chechens practiced a unique blend of religious traditions and beliefs. They partook in numerous rites and rituals, many of them pertaining to farming; these included rain rites, a celebration that occurred on the first day of plowing, as well as the Day of the Thunderer Sela and the Day of the Goddess Tusholi.

Chechen society is structured around "tukhums" (unions of clans) and 130 teip, or clans. The teips are based more on land than on blood and have an uneasy relationship in peacetime, but are bonded together during war. Teips are further subdivided into gars (branches), and gars into nekye (patronymic families). The Chechen social code is called “Nokhchallah” where "Nokhcho" (Noxçuo) stands for "Chechen" and may be loosely translated as "Chechen character", "Chechenness". The Chechen code of honor implies moral and ethical behavior, generosity and the will to safeguard the honor of women.^[3]

[edit] Religion

Chechnya is predominantly Muslim, its inhabitants having converted to Islam under the Ottoman Empire during the 15th Century.^{[citation needed]} Each clan is led by a spiritual mystic. Some adhere to a Sufi tradition called Muridism. About half of Chechens belong to Sufi brotherhoods, or tariqa. The two Sufi tariqas that spread in the North Caucasus were the Naqshbandiya and the Qadiriya. The Naqshbandiya is particularly strong in Dagestan and eastern Chechnya, whereas the Qadiriya has most of its adherents in the rest of Chechnya and Ingushetia.

Almost all Chechens belong to the Hanafi school of thought of Sunni Islam.[1]

Salafism was introduced to the population in the 1950s. Some of the rebels involved in the Chechen war--particularly those who followed Shamil Basayev--are Salafists, but the majority are not.

[edit] Images

[edit] References

1. ^ Jaimoukha p.12
2. ^ ^{a b} Chechnya, By Sven Gunnar Simonsen
3. ^ "Nokhchallah, the Chechen Character"

• - Who are the Chechens? by Johanna Nichols, University of California, Berkeley. (pdf)
• - Shattering the Chechen-al Qaeda Myth, by Brian Glyn Williams Part 1, The Jamestown Foundation
• The Chechens: A Handbook, by Amjad Jaimoukha, London, New York: Routledge, 2005.

[edit] External links

• Chechen World Onlinebe-x-old:Чачэнцы

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