Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
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Queen Charlotte, (née Duchess Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; 19 May 1744 – 17 November 1818) was the queen consort of George III of the United Kingdom (1738–1820). She was the grandmother of Queen Victoria, and the great-great-great grandmother of the current Queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II.
Queen Charlotte was a patroness of the arts, known to Johann Christian Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, among others. She was also an amateur botanist who helped establish Kew Gardens. George III and Queen Charlotte had 15 children, 13 of whom survived to adulthood.
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[edit] Early life
Charlotte was the youngest daughter of Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow (23 February, 1707 – 5 June, 1752) and his wife, Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen, Duchess in Saxony (4 August 1713 – 29 June 1761).
She was a granddaughter of Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (19 October 1658 – 12 May 1708) by his third wife, Christiane Emilie Antonie, Princess of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (March, 1681 – 1 November 1751). Her father's elder half brother reigned from 1708 to 1753 as Adolf Friedrich III.
For a woman marrying the sovereign of one of the most powerful countries of the time, her descent from kings was somewhat remote. All her ancestors up to the level of great-great-great-grandparents were solidly princes, dukes and counts (or the equivalent) with no kings. While her 58 closest ancestors (rather than 62, four of her great-great-great-grandparents are counted twice) included some reigning princes, one might observe that she was of ducal and princely blood, rather than royal blood. Only two of her great-great-great-great-grandfathers were kings: Gustav I of Sweden and Frederick I of Denmark and Norway. Other royal monarchs are found in her earlier ancestry.
[edit] Marriage
Charlotte's brother Adolf Friedrich IV of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (reigned 1752–94) and her widowed mother actively negotiated for a prominent marriage for the young princess. At the age of 17, Charlotte was known as "plain faced", and was selected as the bride of the young King George, although she was not his first choice. He had already flirted with several young women considered unsuitable by his mother, Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, and by his political advisers. He also was rumored to have married a young Quaker woman named Hannah Lightfoot, though all later claims to prove this marriage were deemed unfounded and the purported supporting documents found to be forgeries.
Princess Charlotte was collected at Cuxhaven by a squadron of British yachts and warships under Admiral Anson (including the specially renamed HMY Royal Charlotte), but on its return the squadron was three times blown over to the Norwegian coast by westerly gales and took ten days to reach Harwich, which it did in early September 1761. Charlotte then travelled to London, where the couple were married at the Chapel Royal in St. James's Palace, London, on 8 September of that year. Her mother-in-law did not welcome her with open arms, and for some time there was a slight tension between the two. However, the king's mother had yet to accept any woman with whom he was alleged to have been involved, therefore it seems that the young king cared little for her approval by this time.
Despite not having been her husband's first choice as a bride, and having been treated with a general lack of sympathy by her mother-in-law, the Dowager Princess of Wales, Charlotte's marriage was a happy one, and the king was apparently never unfaithful to her. In the course of their marriage, they had 15 children, all but two — Octavius and Alfred — of whom survived into adulthood. As time went on, she wielded considerable power within the realm, although she evidently never misused it.
[edit] Interests and patronage
Queen Charlotte was keenly interested in the fine arts and supported Johann Christian Bach, who was her music teacher. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, then aged eight, dedicated his Opus 3 to her, at her request. The queen also founded orphanages and a hospital for expectant mothers.
In 2004, the Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace staged an exhibition illustrating George and Charlotte's enthusiastic arts patronage, which was particularly enlightened in contrast to that of earlier Hanoverian monarchs; it compared favorably to the adventuresome tastes of the king's father, Frederick, Prince of Wales. Among the royal couple's favored craftsmen and artists were the cabinetmaker William Vile, silversmith Thomas Heming, the landscape designer Capability Brown, and the German painter Johann Zoffany, who frequently painted the king and queen and their children in charmingly informal scenes, such as a portrait of Queen Charlotte and her children as she sat at her dressing table.
The queen also was a well-educated amateur botanist and helped establish what is today Kew Gardens. Her interest in botany led to the magnificent South African flower, the Bird of Paradise, being named Strelitzia reginae in her honour.
The education of women was a great importance to the queen, and she saw to it that her daughters were better educated than was usual for young women of the day. However, she insisted that her daughters live restricted lives close to their mother, and refused to allow them to marry until they were well-advanced in years, with the result that none of her daughters had legitimate issue (one, Princess Sophia, may have had an illegitimate son).
[edit] Husband's illness
After the onset of his madness, George III was placed in the care of his wife, who could not bring herself to visit him very often, due to his erratic behaviour and occasional violent reactions. However, Charlotte remained supportive of her husband as his mental illness, now believed to be porphyria, worsened in old age. While her son, the Prince Regent, wielded the royal power, she was her husband's legal guardian from 1811 until her 1818 death. She did not see him, though, for at least the last five years of her life.
[edit] Later life
The queen died in the presence of her eldest son, the Prince Regent, who was holding her hand as she sat in an armchair at the family's country retreat, Dutch House in Surrey (now known as Kew Palace). She was buried at St. George's Chapel, Windsor. Her husband died two years later.
[edit] Titles, style, honours and arms
| Styles of Queen Charlotte | |
| Image:UK Arms 1801.svg | |
| Reference style | Her Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Ma'am |
[edit] Titles and styles
- 19 May 1744 – 8 September 1761: Her Serene Highness Duchess Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- 8 September 1761 – 31 December 1800: Her Majesty Queen Charlotte of Great Britain and Ireland
- 1 January 1801 – October 1814: Her Majesty Queen Charlotte of the United Kingdom
- October 1814 – 17 November 1818: Her Majesty Queen Charlotte of the United Kingdom, Queen of Hanover
[edit] Issue
[edit] Ancestors
| Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Father: Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Paternal grandfather: Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Paternal great-grandfather: Adolf Friedrich I of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |
| Paternal great-grandmother: Maria Katharina of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel | |||
| Paternal grandmother: Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | Paternal great-grandfather: Christian Wilhelm I of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | ||
| Paternal great-grandmother: Antoine Sybille of Barby-Muhlingen | |||
| Mother: Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen | Maternal grandfather: Ernest Frederick I of Saxe-Hildburghausen | Maternal great-grandfather: Ernest III of Saxe-Hildburghausen | |
| Maternal great-grandmother: Sofie of Waldeck | |||
| Maternal grandmother: Sofie Albertine of Erbach-Erbach | Maternal great-grandfather: Georg Ludwig I of Erbach-Erbach | ||
| Maternal great-grandmother: Amelie Katherine of Waldeck-Eisenberg |
[edit] Legacy
[edit] Evidence of African ancestry
A description of Charlotte by her physician, Baron Stockmar, that describes her as having "a true mulatto face"[citation needed], has inspired inquiry about her ancestry and investigation of her genealogy.
One possibility is that her features were a concentration of traits inherited through three to six lines from a nine times removed ancestor of hers, Margarita de Castro e Souza[1], a 15th century Portuguese noblewoman who traced her ancestry six generations earlier to King Afonso III of Portugal and one of his lovers, Madragana, who has been erroneously described as a Moor, when she was, in fact, a Mozarab (Iberian Christians living under Muslim control) of Sephardi Jewish origin.[citation needed]
Sir Allan Ramsay, a noted abolitionist, frequently painted the Queen. His works are said to emphasize the alleged mulatto appearance of Charlotte[2]. Ramsay's coronation portrait of Charlotte was sent to the colonies and was used by abolitionists as a de facto support for their cause[3]. Along with descriptions of a "mulatto face", the Queen's features had also been described as Vandalic, as exemplified by a poem written for the occasion of her marriage:
- "Descended from the warlike Vandal race,
- She still preserves that title in her face."[4]
Critics of this theory argue that Margarita's (and Madragana's) distant perch in the queen's family tree makes any presumed African ancestry, Northern or sub-Saharan, negligible and no more significant in Charlotte than in any other member of any German royal house at that time, and therefore that Charlotte could hardly be accurately described as "mulatto" or "African".
Another explanation is that Charlotte's mother, Elizabeth Albertine, was the illegitimate daughter of Abram Petrovich Gannibal, and that Charlotte could therefore have been one-quarter Black[citation needed].
It should be noted that the Royal Household itself, at the time of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation in 1952 referred to both her Asian and African bloodlines in an apologia it published defending her position as head of the Commonwealth.
The issue remains important to those concerned with the history of the African diaspora.
[edit] Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital
Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital in London, England has been in existence since 1739, making it the oldest maternity hospital in the United Kingdom. Queen Charlotte's son, the Duke of Sussex, persuaded her to give her name to the hospital, which was a charitable institution at the time.
[edit] Portrayals
Queen Charlotte was played by actress Frances White in the 1979 BBC series Prince Regent and later by Helen Mirren in the film The Madness of King George (1994).
[edit] Named in her honour
- Vandalia and Charlotina (proposed but unrealized North American colonies)
- Charlotte, North Carolina
- Charlotte County, Virginia
- Mecklenburg County, Virginia
- Queensbury, New York
- Charlotte Place, Sydney, New South Wales
- Charlottesville, Virginia
- Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Fort Charlotte, Kingstown, St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (named for Queen Charlotte's birth family)
- Port Charlotte, Florida
- Queen Charlotte (British merchant ship, after which the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia were named)
- HMS Queen Charlotte
- Queen's College, New Brunswick, New Jersey (now Rutgers University)
- Queens University, Charlotte, North Carolina
- Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand
- Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, The oldest maternity hospital in the United Kingdom
- Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia
- Strelitzia Reginae, a flowering plant indegnous to South Africa
[edit] Notes and sources
[edit] External links and references
- Queen Charlotte, 1744–1818: A Bilingual Exhibit (c1994)
- The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families — Queen Charlotte at the PBS site
- Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz at Genealogics
- Royal Genealogies
- King George III: Mad or Misunderstood?
- Hedley, Olwen Queen Charlotte J Murray, January 1975, ISBN 0-7195-3104-7
- The Search for Princess Charlotte
| British royalty | ||
|---|---|---|
| Vacant Title last held by Caroline of Ansbach
| Queen Consort of Great Britain 1761-1801 | Act of Union creates the United Kingdom |
| Queen Consort of Ireland 1761-1801 | ||
| New title Previously Queen Consort of Great
Britain and of Ireland
| Queen Consort of the United Kingdom 1801-1818 | Vacant Title next held by Caroline of Brunswick
|
| German royalty | ||
| Vacant Title last held by Caroline of Ansbach
| Electress of Hanover 1761-1814 | Became Queen Consort |
| New title Previously Electress
| Queen Consort of Hanover 1814-1818 | Vacant Title next held by Caroline of Brunswick
|
British Royal Consorts |
|---|
| HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1936–1952) · Mary of Teck (1910–1936) · Alexandra of Denmark (1901–1910) · Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1840–1861) · Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen (1830–1837) · Caroline of Brunswick (1820–1821) · Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1761–1818) · Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1727–1760) · George of Denmark-Norway (1707–1708) |
de:Sophie Charlotte von Mecklenburg-Strelitz es:Carlota de Mecklemburgo-Strelitz fr:Charlotte de Mecklembourg-Strelitz nl:Charlotte van Mecklenburg-Strelitz ja:シャーロット・オブ・メクレンバーグ＝ストレリッツ no:Sophie Charlotte av Mecklenburg-Strelitz pl:Charlotta Mecklenburg-Strelitz pt:Carlota de Mecklenburgo-Strelitz ru:Шарлотта Мекленбург-Стрелицкая sv:Charlotte av Mecklenburg-Strelitz
