Charles IV of Spain
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| Charles IV of Spain | |
|---|---|
| King of Spain | |
| Image:Charles IV of Spain.jpg | |
| Reign | December 14, 1788–March 19, 1808 |
| Born | November 11, 1748 |
| Portici, Italy | |
| Died | January 20 1819 (aged 70) |
| Rome, Italy | |
| Predecessor | Charles III of Spain |
| Successor | Joseph Bonaparte |
| Consort | Maria Luisa of Parma |
| Issue | Infanta Carlota Joaquina Infanta Maria Amalia Infanta Maria Luisa Ferdinand VII Infante Carlos Infanta Maria Isabel Infante Francisco de Paula |
| Royal House | House of Bourbon |
| Father | Charles III of Spain |
| Mother | Maria Amalia of Saxony |
Charles IV (November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808.
Contents |
[edit] Early life
Charles was the second son of Charles III and his wife Maria Amalia of Saxony. He was born at Portici, while his father was king of the Two Sicilies. His elder brother don Felipe was passed over for the two thrones as mentally retarded and epileptic.
Charles had inherited a great frame and immense physical strength from the Saxon line of his mother, granddaughter of August II of Poland. When young he was fond of wrestling with the strongest countrymen he could find. He was considered by many to be intellectually sluggish and quite credulous.
His wife Maria Luisa of Parma, on the other hand, was seen by many (including by the painter Francisco Goya) as a vicious and coarse woman who thoroughly dominated the king.
During his father's lifetime he was led by her into court intrigues which aimed at driving the king's favourite minister, Count of Floridablanca, from office, and replacing him by Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda, the chief of the "Aragonese" party.
[edit] Children
Charles IV married his first cousin Maria Luisa of Parma (daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma) in 1765. They had 14 children, but only seven reached adulthood:
- Carlota Joaquina (25 April 1775- 7 January 1830). Married Prince John, later King John VI of Portugal.
- María Amalia (9 January 1779- 27 July 1798). Married her uncle Antonio, Infante of Spain (son of Charles III).
- María Luísa (6 July 1782- 13 March 1824). Married Louis of Bourbon-Parma.
- Ferdinand VII of Spain
- Carlos (29 March 1788- 10 March 1855). Count of Monte Molina. Carlist pretender to the throne of Spain.
- María Isabel (6 July 1789- 13 September 1848). Married first her cousin Francis I of the Two Sicilies and second Francesco Count del Balzo.
- Francisco de Paula (10 March 1794- 13 August 1865). Married his niece, Luisa Carlota, daughter of his sister María Isabel and Francis I of the Two Sicilies. Their eldest son, Francisco de Asis de Bourbon, married Isabella II of Spain.
[edit] Reign
| Spanish House of Bourbon 1700-1833 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Silver 8 real coin of Charles IV, struck 1806 | |
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| Image:Carlos IV Coin.jpg | |
| Obverse: (Latin) CAROLUS IIII DEI GRATIA, 1806, or in English, "Charles IV, By the Grace of God, 1806 | Reverse: (Latin) HISPAN[IARUM] ET IND[IARUM] REX M[EXICANUS] 8 R[EALES] T H., or in English, "King of the Spains and of the Indies, Mexico City Mint, 8 Reales." The reverse depicts the arms of Castile and León, between the Pillars of Hercules. |
After he succeeded to the throne in 1788 his one serious occupation was hunting. Affairs were left to be directed by his wife and her lover Manuel de Godoy. Although Godoy essentially took over his wife and his office, the king was favourable towards him for all his life. When terrified by the French Revolution he turned to the Inquisition to help him against the party which would have carried the reforming policy of Charles III much further. But he never took more than a passive part in the direction of his own government. He simply obeyed the impulse given him by the queen and Godoy. In 1803, after smallpox had affected his daughter María Luísa, the king commissioned his doctor Francisco Javier de Balmis to bring the vaccine to the Spanish colonies on state expenses.
He had a profound belief in his divine right and the sanctity of his person. He thought it very important to seem a very powerful monarch, although his kingdom was treated as a mere dependency by France and his throne was dominated by the queen and her lover. Spain allied with France and supported the Continental Blockade, but withdrew after the Battle of Trafalgar. When Napoleon won from Prussia in 1807, Godoy returned to the French side, but France no longer considered Spain a worthy ally. But even the alliance with France, as it was, made Godoy's rule unpopular and fueled the partido fernandista, the supporters of Ferdinand, who favored a close relationship with Great Britain.
[edit] Abdication
When he was told that his son Ferdinand was appealing to the emperor Napoleon against Godoy, he took the side of the favourite. When the populace rose at Aranjuez in 1808 he abdicated on March 19 to save the minister, who had been taken prisoner. Ferdinand took the throne but was distrusted by Napoleon, who had 100,000 soldiers in Spain by that time.
He took refuge in France, and was the prisoner of Napoleon. He had a difficult time restraining himself from assaulting his son. Then he abdicated in favour of Napoleon's brother Joseph. He accepted a pension from the French emperor and spent the rest of his life between his wife and Godoy. He died in Rome on January 20, 1819.
[edit] Ancestors
| 16. Louis XIV of France | ||||||||||||||||
| 8. Louis, Dauphin of France | ||||||||||||||||
| 17. Maria Theresa of Spain | ||||||||||||||||
| 4. Philip V of Spain | ||||||||||||||||
| 18. Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria | ||||||||||||||||
| 9. Maria Anna of Bavaria | ||||||||||||||||
| 19. Henriette Adelaide of Savoy | ||||||||||||||||
| 2. Charles III of Spain | ||||||||||||||||
| 20. Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma | ||||||||||||||||
| 10. Odoardo II Farnese | ||||||||||||||||
| 21. Isabella of Modena | ||||||||||||||||
| 5. Elisabeth of Parma | ||||||||||||||||
| 22. Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine | ||||||||||||||||
| 11. Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg | ||||||||||||||||
| 23. Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt | ||||||||||||||||
| 1. Charles IV of Spain | ||||||||||||||||
| 24. John George III, Elector of Saxony | ||||||||||||||||
| 12. Augustus II the Strong | ||||||||||||||||
| 25. Anne Sophie of Denmark | ||||||||||||||||
| 6. Augustus III of Poland | ||||||||||||||||
| 26. Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth | ||||||||||||||||
| 13. Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth | ||||||||||||||||
| 27. Sophie Luise of Württemberg | ||||||||||||||||
| 3. Maria Amalia of Saxony | ||||||||||||||||
| 28. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| 14. Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| 29. Eleonore-Magdalena of Neuburg | ||||||||||||||||
| 7. Maria Josepha of Austria | ||||||||||||||||
| 30. John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | ||||||||||||||||
| 15. Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick | ||||||||||||||||
| 31. Benedicta-Henrietta of Simmern | ||||||||||||||||
[edit] References
- Historia del Reinado de Carlos IV, by General Gomez de Arteche (5 vols.), in the Historia General de España de la Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid, 1892, etc.).
| Charles IV of Spain Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty Born: 11 November 1748 Died: 20 January 1819
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Charles III | King of Spain 1788–1808 | Succeeded by Joseph Bonaparte |
| Vacant Title last held by Prince Ferdinandhis uncle | Prince of Asturias 1759-1788 | Succeeded by Prince Ferdinand his son |
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
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