Charles Édouard Guillaume
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| Charles Édouard Guillaume | |
|---|---|
| Image:Charles Edouard Guillaume.jpg Pastel portrait of Charles Édouard Guillaume in 1922, by L.-C Breslau. | |
| Born | February 15 1861 Fleurier, Switzerland |
| Died | May 13 1938 (aged 77) Sèvres, France |
| Residence | Switzerland, France |
| Nationality | Swiss, France |
| Field | Physicist |
| Institutions | Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres |
| Alma mater | Zurich Polytechnic |
| Known for | Invar and Elinvar |
| Notable prizes | Image:Nobel prize medal.svg Nobel Prize (1920) |
Charles Édouard Guillaume (February 15 1861, Fleurier – May 13 1938, Sèvres), was a French-Swiss Physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.
He is known for his discovery of nickel-steel alloys he named invar and elinvar. Invar has a near-zero coefficient of thermal expansion, making it useful in constructing precision instruments whose dimensions need to remain constant in spite of varying temperature. Elinvar has a near-zero thermal coefficient of the modulus of elasticity, making it useful in constructing instruments with springs that need to be unaffected by varying temperature, such as the marine chronometer. Elinvar is also non-magnetic, which is a secondary useful property for antimagnetic watches.
Guillaume worked with Kristian Birkeland. He served at the Observatoire de Paris—Section de Meudon. He conducted several experiments with thermostatic measurements at the observatory. He was the first to determine the correct temperature of space.
He married A.M. Taufflieb (m. 1888) and they had three children.
[edit] Published works
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "La Température de L'Espace", La Nature, volume 24, 1896.
- [tr. Temperature of Space]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "Études thermométriques". 1886.
- [tr. Studies on Thermometry]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "Traité de thermométrie". 1889.
- [tr. Treatise on Thermometry]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "Unités et Étalons". 1894.
- [tr. Units and Standards]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "Les rayons X". 1896.
- [tr. X-Rays]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "Recherches sur le nickel et ses alliages". 1898.
- [tr. Investigations on Nickel and its Alloys]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "La vie de la matière". 1899.
- [tr. The Life of Matter]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "La Convention du Mètre et le Bureau international des Poids et Mesures". 1902.
- [tr. Metrical Convention and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "Les applications des aciers au nickel". 1904.
- [tr. Applications of Nickel-Steels]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "Des états de la matière". 1907.
- [tr. States of Matter]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "Les récents progrès du système métrique". 1907, 1913.
- [tr. Recent progress in the Metric System]
- Guillaume, Charles-Edouard, "Initiation à la Mécanique".
- [tr. Introduction to Mechanics]
[edit] External links and references
- Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, " Charles-Edouard Guillaume – Biography". Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
- lanl.gov, "History". Pioneers in the development of the Plasma Universe.
Nobel Laureates in Physics |
|---|
Wilhelm Röntgen (1901) • Hendrik Lorentz / Pieter Zeeman (1902) • Henri Becquerel / Pierre Curie / Marie Curie (1903) • Lord Rayleigh (1904) • Philipp Lenard (1905) • J. J. Thomson (1906) • Albert Michelson (1907) • Gabriel Lippmann (1908) • Guglielmo Marconi / Ferdinand Braun (1909) • Johannes van der Waals (1910) • Wilhelm Wien (1911) • Gustaf Dalén (1912) • Kamerlingh Onnes (1913) • Max von Laue (1914) • W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg (1915) • Charles Barkla (1917) • Max Planck (1918) • Johannes Stark (1919) • Charles Guillaume (1920) • Albert Einstein (1921) • Niels Bohr (1922) • Robert Millikan (1923) • Manne Siegbahn (1924) • James Franck / Gustav Hertz (1925) |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Guillaume, Charles Edouard |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Guillaume, Charles-Edouard |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Swiss Physicist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | February 15 1861 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Fleurier, Switzerland |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 13 1938 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Sèvres, France |
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