Celtiberian language
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| Celtiberian | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Spain | |
| Language extinction: | 2nd century AD? | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Celtic Continental Celtic Celtiberian | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | xce
| |
Celtiberian (also known as northeastern Hispano-Celtic) is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula lying between the headwaters of the Duero, Tajo, Júcar and Turia rivers and the Ebre river. This language is directly attested in near two hundred inscriptions dated in the 2nd century BC and the 1st century BC, mainly in Celtiberian script, a direct adaptation of the northeastern Iberian script, but also in Latin alphabet. The longest extant Celtiberian inscriptions are those on three Botorrita plaques, bronze plaques from Botorrita near Saragossa, dating to the early 1st century BC, labelled Botorrita I, III and IV (Botorrita II is in the Latin language).
Enough has been preserved to show that the Celtiberian language was Q-Celtic (like Goidelic), and not P-Celtic like Gaulish (Mallory 1989, p. 106). This seems to confirm at least some of the legends preserved in the Leabhar Gabhala, which state that the first antecedents of the Irish people arrived from Iberia.
Since Brythonic is P-Celtic too, but as an Insular Celtic language more closely related to Goidelic than to Gaulish,[1] it follows that the P/Q division is paraphyletic: the change from kw to p occurred in Brythonic and Gaulish at a time when they were already separate languages, rather than constituting a division that marked a separate branch in the "family tree" of the Celtic languages. A change from PIE kw (q) to p also occurred in some Italic languages: compare Oscan pis, pid ("who, what?") with Latin quis, quid. Celtiberian and Gaulish are usually grouped together as the Continental Celtic languages, but this grouping too is paraphyletic: no evidence suggests the two shared any common innovation separately from Insular Celtic.
Celtiberian exhibits a fully inflected relative pronoun ios, not preserved in other Celtic dialects, and the particles kue "and", nekue "nor", ve "or". Like in Welsh, there is an s-subjunctive, gabiseti "he shall take" (Old Irish gabid), robiseti, auseti. Compare Umbrian ferest "he shall make".
Contents |
[edit] Example Texts
- First Botorrita plaque (A).
- A.1. tirikantam : berkunetakam : tokoitoskue : sarnikio (:) kue : sua : kombalkez : nelitom
- A.2. nekue [: to : u]ertaunei : litom : nekue : taunei : litom : nekue : masnai : tizaunei : litom : soz : auku
- A.3. aresta[lo] : tamai : uta : oskues : stena : uerzoniti : silabur : sleitom : konskilitom : kabizeti
- A.4. kantom [:] sankilistara : otanaum : tokoitei : eni : uta : oskuez : boustomue : koruinomue
- A.5. makasiamue : ailamue : ambitiseti : kamanom : usabituz : ozas : sues : sailo : kusta : bizetuz : iom
- A.6. asekati : [a]mbitinkounei : stena : es : uertai : entara : tiris : matus : tinbituz : neito : tirikantam
- A.7. eni : oisatuz : iomui : listas : titas : zizonti : somui : iom : arznas : bionti : iom : kustaikos
- A.8. arznas : kuati : ias : ozias : uertatosue : temeiue : robiseti : saum : tekametinas : tatuz : somei
- A.9. enitouzei : iste : ankios : iste : esankios : uze : areitena : sarnikiei : akainakubos
- A.10. nebintor : tokoitei : ios : uramtiomue : auzeti : aratimue : tekametam : tatuz : iom : tokoitoskue
- A.11. sarnikiokue : aiuizas : kombalkores : aleites : iste : ires : ruzimuz : abulu : ubokum
- (Transcription Jordán 2004)
- Great inscription from Peñalba de Villastar (Teruel).
- ENIOROSEI
- VTA TIGINO TIATVNEI
- TRECAIAS TO LVGVEI
- ARAIANOM COMEIMV
- ENIOROSEI EQVEISVIQVE
- OCRIS OLOCAS TOGIAS SISTAT LVGVEI TIASO
- TOGIAS
- (Transcription: Meid 1994)
Zaragoza - Museo - Bronce epigráfico.jpg
Cortono plaque. Unknown procedence. |
Bronce luzaga.jpg
Luzaga plaque (Guadalajara). |
Botorrita 1.jpg
First Botorrita plaque (Zaragoza). |
Zaragoza - Museo - Grafito 01.jpg
Another Botorrita plaque (Zaragoza). |
Alfabeto.jpg
Fröhner tessera. Unknown procedence. |
[edit] References
- ^ McCone, Kim (1996). Towards a Relative Chronology of Ancient and Medieval Celtic Sound Change. Maynooth: Dept. of Old and Middle Irish, St. Patrick's College. ISBN 0-901519-40-5.
[edit] Sources
- Jordán Cólera, C. (2004). Celtibérico. Zaragoza.
- Hoz, Javier de. (1996). The Botorrita first text. Its epigraphical background; in: Die größeren altkeltischen Sprachdenkmäler. Akten des Kolloquiums Innsbruck 29. April - 3. Mai 1993, ed. W. Meid and P. Anreiter, 124–145, Innsbruck.
- Mallory, J. P. (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05052-X
- Meid, Wolfgang. (1994). Celtiberian Inscriptions, Archaeolingua, edd. S. Bökönyi and W. Meid, Series Minor, 5, 12–13. Budapest.
- Untermann, Jürgen. (1997): Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. IV Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften, Wiesbaden.
- Velaza, Javier (1999): «Balance actual de la onomástica personal celtibérica», Pueblos, lenguas y escrituras en la Hispania Prerromana, pp. 663-683.
- Villar, Francisco (1995): Estudios de celtibérico y de toponimia prerromana, Salamanca.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
Celtic languages | |
|---|---|
| Continental Celtic† | Celtiberian† · Galatian† · Gaulish† · Lepontic† · Noric† · Eastern Celtic† |
| Insular Celtic | Brythonic (British/Brittonic): Breton · British† · Cornish · Cumbric† · Ivernic† · Pictish† · Welsh Goidelic (Gaelic): Galwegian† · Irish · Manx · Scottish Gaelic (Scotland • Canada) |
| Mixed languages | Bungee† · Shelta |
| denotes Extinct (†) | |
ca:Celtibèric de:Keltiberische Sprache es:Idioma celtíbero fr:Celtibère hu:Keltibér nyelv it:Celtiberico nl:Keltiberisch no:Keltiberisk pt:Línguas celtibéricas ru:Кельтиберский язык sl:Keltiberščina uk:Кельтіберська мова zh:凱爾特伊比利亞語
