Celibacy
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Celibacy refers either to being unmarried or to sexual abstinence. Celibacy is sometimes used as a synonym for "abstinence" or "chastity." A vow of celibacy is a promise not to enter into marriage or engage in sexual intercourse. The term involuntary celibacy has recently appeared to describe a chronic, unwilling state of celibacy.
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[edit] Reasons for celibacy
- Religious beliefs (religious celibacy)
- To avoid the risk and/or prevent the spread of venereal disease
- To focus energies on other matters, like one's career or social issues (sublimation)
- To avoid contributing to overpopulation
- To cultivate a relationship according to an ideal of chastity
- An inability to obtain a willing sexual partner (involuntary celibacy)
- A distaste or lack of appetite for sex (asexuality, antisexualism)
- A distaste or lack of desire for couplehood
- To avoid persecution (e.g. prosecution for gay relations under sodomy laws)
- Perceived benefit of alteration of physiological factors (hormonal changes)
- As an attempt to regain a sense of self and independence from others
- Medical limitations (medical celibacy)
[edit] Religious celibacy
Church laws maintained by the Roman Catholic Church and also by the monastic orders of Hindu and Buddhist traditions mandate Clerical celibacy as a requirement for priests. Celibacy is also proclaimed by some religions as an ideal for laypeople, for the unmarried or for homosexuals.
[edit] Christianity
The question of celibacy is handled differently by various Christian authorities. One religious argument for celibacy is given by the Apostle Paul in I Corinthians 7:7-8:32-35: "For I would that all men were even as I myself. But every man hath his proper gift of God, one after this manner, and another after that. I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, It is good for them if they abide even as I."; "But I would have you without carefulness. He that is unmarried careth for the things that belong to the Lord, how he may please the Lord: But he that is married careth for the things that are of the world, how he may please his wife. There is difference also between a wife and a virgin. The unmarried woman careth for the things of the Lord, that she may be holy both in body and in spirit: but she that is married careth for the things of the world, how she may please her husband. And this I speak for your own profit; not that I may cast a snare upon you, but for that which is comely, and that ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction."
Catholics understand celibacy to be a reflection of life in Heaven, and a source of detachment from the material world, which aids in one's relationship with God. Catholic priests are called to be espoused to the Church itself, and espoused to God, without overwhelming commitments interfering with the relationship. Catholics understand celibacy as the calling of some, but not of all.
Among Catholics and members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), gays are expected to adhere to the same marriage laws as others, meaning they cannot marry those of the same sex. A Catholic organization promoting chaste celibacy for gays is Courage International. Those who identify as gay may not be able to become Catholic priests, however, even if they maintain celibacy. The LDS Church encourages its members not to feed any such tempted desire.
[edit] Clerical celibacy
In the Orthodox Church ordinary parish priests are expected to be married men with families before ordination, and they need their family's approval to become a priest.
Clerical celibacy was an important point of disagreement during the Reformation. Reformers argued that requiring a vow of celibacy from a priest was contrary to biblical teaching (see 1 Tim 4:1-5 [1], Heb 13:4 [2] and 1 Cor 9:5 [3]), a degradation of marriage and a reason for the widespread sexual misconduct within the clergy at the time of the Reformation (e.g., discussed by Calvin in his Institutes of the Christian Religion IV,12,23-28 [4]).
The Roman Catholic Church did not change its position claiming to be based on Matthew 19:12. The arguments against the Reformer's interpretations were some of the following: the Church never condemned or forbade marriage but has only required celibacy of those who would enter the priesthood so they could devote themselves completely to the care of Christ's Flock (see Mathew 19:12) or who have otherwise taken vows to do so of their own free will (in response to 1 Tim 4:1-5); the Church has never dishonored marriage but has elevated its honor from its Old Testament and secular status while acknowledging Christ's elevation of celibacy for the sake of the Kingdom of Heaven to an even more honorable status (in response to Heb 13:4); and the Church has not required celibacy of all ecclesiastics at all times in history (it was not required of the majority of ecclesiastics in the early Church, and in modern times certain converts are permitted to be married when receiving Holy Orders), although Christ's counsel is normally followed (in response to 1 Cor. 9:5, which lists certain ecclesiastics who had the right at the time, but apparently chose not to exercise this right for the sake of the Gospel). The Church also found that the clerics who engaged in sexual misconduct were not sincere, unreserved followers of Christ, but those who had either become ecclesiastics with the wrong intentions or had lost their fidelity to Christ.
The Catholic Church's practice of clerical celibacy among priests and bishops of the Latin Rite and bishops of all rites, Eastern and Western, was confirmed by the Second Vatican Council and reaffirmed by Pope Paul VI in his encyclical letter, Sacerdotalis Caelibatus, June 24, 1967.
Recently, the issue of celibacy for Roman Catholic priests has again become a source of heated debate, partly in response to the decline in "vocations" (men applying to be priests), but also in the wake of discoveries of longstanding child sexual abuse by Catholic priests in the USA and elsewhere. Although a married priesthood is advocated by some to be a solution to these problems, the Church continues to stand firm in its longstanding celibacy rule. Church representatives maintain that mental illness and a loss of fidelity to Christ and the Church are responsible. They further point out that in the sectors of the Church where fidelity to the Church's teachings is valued, there are a higher number of new vocations and a lower incidence of sexual abuse cases. [5] Additionally, many point to the vast majority of priests not accused of sexual misconduct. However, child sexual abuse is more dued to an actual tendency for it that drove some to become priests in order to get close to children (as other chose other professions such as pediatricians), and it seems senseless to assume that anyone deprived for sex will get a drive for children and that it is safer and easier to violate the vows in any other way. In support of this view there can be mentioned all the clergymen who kept their celibacy without becoming abusers and those who didn't but also never touched on children, as well as the many Protestant clergyman and of other beliefs who weren't bound to celibacy and also commit abuses on a similar scale. One could say it is a falacy motivated by the eager to make clergy celibacy end or even simply as an attack to the principles of the Church, sometimes coming from outside the community of faithfull believers.
Others, still, point to research indicating no direct connection between celibacy and clerical abuse, citing, among other things, the fact that rates of abuse are significantly higher among non-celibate people of all professions than they are among celibate priests. Prof. Philip Jenkins, Professor of History and Religious Studies at Penn State University, published the book Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis in 1996. In it, he stated that between 0.2 and 1.7 percent of Catholic priests are pedophiles or child molesters. His 2002 article "The myth of the 'pedophile priest'"[10] expresses his views. In contrast to Louise Haggett's statement, Professor Jenkins states:
"My research of cases over the past 20 years indicates no evidence whatever that Catholic or other celibate clergy are any more likely to be involved in misconduct or abuse than clergy of any other denomination -- or indeed, than nonclergy. However, determined news media may be to see this affair as a crisis of celibacy, the charge is just unsupported."
[edit] Islam
In Islam, celibacy is strongly discouraged though not forbidden (haram). Islam places a heavy emphasis on marriage. It also teaches that once a Muslim is married, then that person has completed half of their deen. During the period of being unmarried, Muslims are expected to practice strict chastity. Islam forbids fornication, all forms of sexual contact and relationships with anyone of the unrelated opposite sex before marriage. However, many argue that since pure chastity is required before marriage, then Muslims are automatically practising celibacy until they get married. Nevertheless, while celibate, fasting is recommended to both men and women as it decreases one's lust and increases spirituality. It is strongly discouraged to delay getting married when one is able to do so.
[edit] Buddhism
In Buddhism, the main goal of living according to the celibate is to eliminate desire. Desire is seen as one of the main causes of suffering, both in the world as in the mind or heart. A commonly-used metaphor sees desire, especially sexual desire, to be like drinking salty water: the more one consumes, the greater the desire - and the worse one's (mental) state of health becomes.
[edit] Hinduism
In Hindu culture, celibacy is observed when the young child leads a student life Brahmacharya. The life was divided into 4 parts namely Brahmacharyashram (period of learning till age 25), Gruhasthashram (married life from age 25), vanaprasthashram, Sanyasthashram. A Hindu renunciate may take the vow of celibacy at any age when they have understood that living for material/sensual pleasures will never bring the perfect happiness that their soul desires. Thus their life becomes centered on surrender to Guru and God with the firm hope of God realization and the perfect Divine Happiness.
In Hinduism, there is a historical difference between monks and priests. Historically, monks take vows of poverty and celibacy and are exempt from most public ceremonies and focused instead on prayer and meditation, focusing on the contemplative side of the Hindu tradition. Priests on the other hand do not have to be celibate and are responsible for the public ceremonies in the Hindu faith. Over the last 100 years however, the public roles between monks and priests have started to change and now some monks function within the social structure in needy areas of society.
[edit] Notable celibates
Laypeople who have professed celibacy, or who are otherwise believed to be (or to have been) notably celibate:
- Sant Dnyaneshwar, a writer, poet and Yogi (one who is master in Yoga) from Pune was celibate throughout his short life of 21 years. His brothers Nivruttinath and Sopandev and his sister Muktai also observed celibacy.
- Jessica Simpson, took a vow of celibacy at age 12 and remained a virgin and celibate until her wedding to singer Nick Lachey [1]
- Kaká, a Brazilian footballer was celibate. He was proud he was a virgin when he married.
- Legendary filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock was celibate.[6]
- Mahatma Gandhi, considered the Father of India, took a vow of celibacy. But eventually he fathered several children. His great-grandson has made a movie on him.
- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, one of the all time great spiritual figures in Hinduism.
- Swami Vivekananda, the chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and the founder of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission, was one of the most famous spiritual teachers of the Vedanta philosophy in Hinduism.
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former Prime Minister of India, has remained celibate and a bachelor for life.
- Stephen Fry, the British actor, comedian, writer, critic, novelist and taxi driver, was the UK's most prominent and vocal celibate for several years, although he has since rediscovered the alleged joys of wanton carnality.
- Isaac Newton, the mathematician and scientist was a virgin all his life.
- Immanuel Kant, the Prussian philosopher, author of Critique of Pure Reason, died a virgin at age of 80.
- Cliff Richard, singer, is one of the most vocal celibates of modern times.
- Cosmopolitan agony aunt Irma Kurtz has been a celibate for years and years with no regrets.
- Simone Weil was one of the best known European political thinkers of the 20th Century and, as far as anybody knows, a lifelong celibate.
- Also rumoured to be a lifelong celibate was the Dutch philosopher and theologian Baruch Spinoza.
- Dr. Temple Grandin, the American academic whose empathy with animals has led to her being a highly successful designer of humane animal management systems, is a voluntary celibate.
- Stevie Smith, poet and novelist, was celibate all her adult life, after sampling and rejecting romance and sex in her youth. She was fiercely critical of those who thought that her life must be emotionally impoverished by not having sexual relationships any more, emphasizing the depth of her friendships, especially her bond with the aunt with whom she lived.
- Pitt the Younger, legendary British Prime Minister, is generally agreed by historians to have died a virgin.
- Nikola Tesla, who developed the system of alternating electrical current that is the standard nowadays worldwide, was a self-proclaimed celibate.
- Carol Channing, the Broadway musical star of "Hello Dolly" fame was celibate in her marriage to Charles Lowe for 41 years.
- Morrissey, the British singer and former member of the Smiths, was openly celibate for several years.
- Benjamin N. Cardozo, former Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and later Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, is believed to have been celibate for most if not all of his life.
- G. H. Hardy, twentieth century English mathematician who made ample contributions in number theory and who co-authored the famous Hardy-Weinberg law of population genetics. He was also the mentor of legendary prodigy Srinivasa Ramanujan.
- Paul Erdos, one of the most prolific mathematicians in history, having participated in more than 20,000 papers. He was born in Hungary but never held a home or a job, relying instead on the hospitality of other mathematicians with whom he collaborated and on the money he received for conferences. See The Man Who Loved Only Numbers, by Paul Hoffman (Hyperion, 1998).
- Abdul Kalam, former President of India, also known as The Missile Man of India for his contributions to the Indian missile program, is a thorough celibate. He believes in constant improvement of the society and nation. His presidential term ended July, 2007.
- Antonio Gaudi, the Spanish architect most famous for the Segrada Familia in Barcelona, is said to never have had sex.
- Alan Christie Wilson of the blues-rock group Canned Heat was a voluntary celibate in the later part of his life, according to his authorised biographer Krisna Radha. The reasons seem to be a mix of medical, spiritual and issues from childhood.
- "Divorced novelist Beryl Bainbridge revealed that she gave up men because, when she was 56, she felt having a physical relationship with a man was 'no longer dignified', and anyway her life was far too full of other things like writing, children and friends." - quote from a Daily Mail article by Jenny Nisbet (approx.) 1 December 1998.
- Rufus Wainwright, who after being raped at 14 remained celibate for seven years.
- Rivers Cuomo, the American musician, took a vow of celibacy for several years while completing his studies at Harvard University. He began practicing Vipassana meditation around the same time. Cuomo discontinued his vow when he married Kyoko Ito on June 18, 2006.
- J.J. Ellers, from The Chronicle of the Annoying Quest machinima comedy series, is currently a celibate only to get chicks.[7]
- Edgar Lee Masters wrote that President Abraham Lincoln had a low sex drive, possibly due to Marfan's syndrome.[8]
- Pope John Paul II, head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005, took a vow of celibacy upon his ordination as priest in November, 1946
- Mother Teresa, the founder of the Missionaries of Charity, remained celibate throughout her life as she ministered to the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying in Kolkata (Calcutta), India.
- Archbishop Óscar Romero of San Salvador remained celibate since his entrance into the seminary at age 13
- Egyptian author and Islamist, Sayyid Qutb became celibate because of his inability to find a woman of "sufficient moral purity and discretion".
- Nick Ferrar, distant cousin of Ted Hughes, became celibate after traumatic marriage.
[edit] See also
- Brahmacharya
- Clerical celibacy
- 40 Days and 40 Nights
- The 40-Year-Old Virgin
- Virgin
- God: Sole Satisfier
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- Compendium of celibacy quotes and reference material
- The Biblical foundation of priestly celibacy
- The Reformation view of Celibacy
- HBO documentary film "Celibacy"
Birth control | |
|---|---|
| Behavioral: | Avoiding vaginal intercourse: Anal sex, Oral sex, Non-penetrative sex, Masturbation, Abstinence Including vaginal intercourse: Fertility awareness, Rhythm Method, Withdrawal, Breastfeeding infertility |
| Barrier: | Condom, Female condom, Diaphragm, Lea's shield, Cervical cap |
| Spermicide | Contraceptive sponge |
| Hormonal: | Combined: Combined oral contraceptive pill ('the Pill'), Contraceptive patch, NuvaRing Progestogen only: Progestogen only pill ('minipill'), Depo-Provera, Norplant/Jadelle, Implanon |
| Anti-estrogen: | Ormeloxifene (a.k.a. Centchroman) |
| Intra-uterine: | IUD (copper or progestogen), IUS (progestogen) |
| Post-intercourse: | Contraception: Emergency contraception (pills or copper IUD) Abortion: Surgical abortion, Medical abortion (RU-486/abortion pill) |
| Sterilization: | Male: Vasectomy Female: Tubal ligation, Essure |
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