Cebuano language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- "Cebuano" redirects here. For the inhabitants of Cebu, see Cebuano people
| Cebuano Sugbuanon | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Philippines | |
| Region: | Central Visayas and most of Mindanao | |
| Total speakers: | first language: 20 million (ethnologue) second language: 11 million (est.) | |
| Ranking: | 47 | |
| Language family: | Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Borneo-Philippines Central Philippine Bisayan Cebuan Cebuano | |
| Writing system: | Latin (Filipino variant); Historically written in Baybayin | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: | none | |
| Regulated by: | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language) | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | ceb | |
| ISO 639-3: | ceb | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Cebuano, also known as Sugbuanon, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines by about 20,000,000 people (according to Ethnologue). It is a subgroup or member of Bisaya, Visayan and Binisayâ. The name came from the Philippine island of Cebu, the site of the first and biggest Spanish settlement whose vicinity speaks the said language. Cebuano is given the ISO 639-2 three letter code ceb, but has no ISO 639-1 two letter code.
Cebuano is a member of the Visayan language family.
Contents |
[edit] Geographic distribution
Cebuano is spoken natively by the inhabitants of Cebu, Bohol, eastern part of Negros island, western parts of Leyte and Biliran islands, southern third of Masbate island and throughout the most of Mindanao. It is also spoken in a few towns and islands in Samar. Until 1975, Cebuano surpassed Tagalog in terms of number of native speakers. Some dialects of Cebuano give different names to the language. Residents of Bohol may refer to Cebuano as Bol-anon while Cebuano-speakers in Leyte may call their dialect Kana.
It is also spoken by Warays in Samar and Leyte, Porohanon in Poro, Ilonggos in Negros Oriental, Eskaya in Bohol, and by native (like Atas, Bagobos, and Butuanons) and migrant Filipino ethnic groups (like Ilocanos and Ilonggos), foreign ethnic groups (like Spaniards, Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans), and other peoples in Mindanao as second language. Cebuano is a language with the Verb Subject Object sentence order, in which the first term in the sentence is the term given emphasis. Nouns and adjectives are joined by the nga connector with their order arbitrary as long as the nga connector in between them.[edit] Sounds
Cebuano has seventeen consonants: p, t, k, ʔ (the glottal stop), b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, w, l, r, y, and j (also spelled gy or dy). There are four vowels: i, e, a, and u/o. The vowels u and o are allophones, with u always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and o always used when it ends a syllable. But there are some exceptions, like kamatuoran (truth) and hangtúd (until). "E" originally appears only in few words such as "babaye", "dayeg" "parayeg", and "pangadye". When Spanish arrived, more words with e has been added with the introduction of loanwords. Accent is also a distinguisher of words, so that dápit means "to invite", while dapít means "near" or "nearby place". Consonants [d] and [ɾ] were once allophones, but cannot interchange, like kabungturan (uplands) [from bungtód, mountain] is correct but not *kabuntudan and tagadihá (from there) [from dihá, there] is correct but not *tagarihá.
[edit] Grammar
[edit] Pronouns
Pronouns are inflected in person, number, and case.
The four cases are nominative, preposed genitive, postposed genitive, and oblique.
| Absolutive | Ergative₁ (Postposed) | Ergative₂ (Preposed) | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | ako, ko, (ta only when the object is ka/mo=you) | nako, ko | ako, akoa | kanako, nako |
| 2nd person singular | ikaw, ka | nimo, mo | imo, imoha | kanimo, nimo |
| 3rd person singular | siya | niya | iya, iyaha | kaniya, niya |
| 1st person plural inclusive | kita, ta | nato | ato, atoa | kanato, nato |
| 1st person plural exclusive | kami, mi | namo | amo, amoa | kanamo, namo |
| 2nd person plural | kamo, mo | ninyo | inyo, inyoha | kaninyo, ninyo |
| 3rd person plural | sila | nila | ila, ilaha | kanila, nila |
Cebuano, like most other Austronesian languages, makes use of the inclusive and exclusive we. This distinction, not found in most European languages, signifies whether or not the addressee is included in the pronoun "we."
Examples:
Moadto kami sa sinehan.
"We (someone else and I, but not you) will go to the movies."
Moadto kita sa sinehan.
"We (you and I, and perhaps someone else) will go to the movies."
[edit] Demonstrative Pronouns
kiri = (English : this, these) for things that are near or touching distance to the speaker but not necessarily near the listener
kini = (English : this, these) for things that are near or touching distance to both the speaker and the listener
kana = (pronounced kanaq, English : that, those) for things that are not of touching distance to the speaker but is near the listener
kadto = (English : that, those) for things that are not of touching distance to the speaker nor near the listener
[edit] 10 Types of Sentences
1) equational ( topic = predicate )
a) "Mao kini ang Kabisaya-an". = This is the Visayas. b) "Siya si Oscar." = He is Oscar. c) "Amoa kana nga balay" = That is our house.
2) non-equational ( topic < predicate )
a) "Mga Pilipinhon ang mga Bisaya." = Visayans are Filipinos. b) "Pula ang iyang gisul-ob." = The one he wears is red. (He is wearing red.) c) "Gipalitan ka niya og balay." = (He buys a house for you.)
3) existential sentence of presence
a) "Dunay Diyos sa langit." = (There is) God in heaven. b) "Didtoy halas sa kahoy." = (There was) a snake in the tree.
4) existential sentence of possession
a) "Dunay Diyos ang mga anghel sa langit." = (The angels in heaven have a God.) b) "Didto koy ilimnon sa balay." = (I had wine at home.)
5) locative sentence
a) "Dia ang sa'pi." = Here is the money. b) "Toa siya sa bukid." = She is in the mountain.
6) meteorologic sentence
a) "Tugnaw diri sa Baguio." = (It is) cold here in Baguio. b) "Hilom ganina sa plaza." = (It was) calm in the plaza.
7) exclamatory remark
a) "Kadaghan man nimo og sakyanan!" = (Wow! You have a lot of cars.) b) "Gwapaha nimo oy!" = (You are pretty!) c) "Kasaba ba ninyo!" = (You are so noisy!)
8) imperatives
a) "Isugba nang isda." = (Grill that fish.) b) "Umari ka." = Come here.
9) question
a) "Kinsa ka?" = Who are you? b) "Unsa ang imong ngalan?" = What is your name?
10) confirmation
a) "Kini ba ang Kabisay-an?" = Is this the Visayas? b) "Pula ba ang iyang gisul-ob?" = (Does he wear red?) c) "Duna bay Diyos?" = (Does God exist?) d) "Isugba ba kining isda?" = Shall this fish be grilled?
[edit] Interrogative Words
Unsa? What?
Asa? Where?(for a place or person)
Diin? , Dis-a? Where?
Hain? , Sa-a? Where?(for an object)
Kinsa? Who?
Ngano? Why?
Kang-kinsa? To whom?
Gi-unsa? How?
Kanus-a? When?
Pila ka buok? , Pila? How many?
Tag-pila? How much?
[edit] Vocabulary and borrowed words
Cebuano has long borrowed words from Spanish. It has several hundred loan words from English as well, which are altered to conform to the limited phonemic inventory of Cebuano. The use of asa and hain
Asa and hain - both mean where - have distinct uses in formal Cebuano writing.
Asa is used when asking about a place. Asa ka padulong? (Where are you going?) Asa ta molarga? (Where are we travelling to?)
Hain is used when asking about a person or thing. Hain na ang gunting? (Where is the pair of scissors?) Hain na si Arsenia? (Where is Arsenia?)
In modern spoken Cebuano, however, asa is commonly used to replace hain. You can rarely hear hain being used (and it is usually spoken by old native Cebuanos).
[edit] Words and phrases
[edit] Numbers
| Cardinal | Ordinal | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | usà | úna |
| 2 | duhà | ika-duhà |
| 3 | tulò | ika-tulò |
| 4 | upàt | ika-upàt |
| 5 | limà | ika-limà |
| 6 | unòm | ika-unòm |
| 7 | pitò | ika-pitò |
| 8 | walò | ika-walò |
| 9 | siyàm | ika-siyàm |
| 10 | napú'ô/napulo | ika-napú'ô/ika-napulo |
| 11 | napú'ô'g usá/napulo'g/napulo ug usá/onse (Spanish words are used more than 10) | ika-napú'ô'g usá/ika-napulo'g usá/ika-napulo ug usá/ika-onse |
| 20 | kawhaan/bente | |
| 30 | katlo-an/trenta | |
| 100 | usa ka gatos/syento | |
| 1000 | usa ka libo | |
| 100,000 | usa ka gatos ka libo | |
| 500,000 | lima ka gatos ka libo/tunga sa milyon | |
| 1000000 | usa ka milyon |
Note: Shorter terms are the one mostly used.
[edit] Common expressions
- I am Miguel de Guia. Ako si Miguel de Guia.
- May I ask a question? Mahimo bang mangutana? or Puwede ko mangutana?
- How are you? Kumusta ka?
- Good. (I am well.) Maayo.
- How old are you? Unsay edad nimo?
- How much? Pila? or Tag-pila?
- How many? Pila?
- I don't know. Wala ko kahibalo. or Ambut.
- Good day! Maayong adlaw!
- Good Morning! Maayong buntag!
- Good Noon! Maayong udto!
- Good Afternoon! Maayong hapon! or Maayong Palis!
- Good Evening! Maayong gabii!
- Who are you? "Kinsa ka?" (Informal)
- When is Kanus-â ang
- Where do you live? Asa ka nagpuyô?
- Where are you from? Taga-asa ka?
- Where are you going? Asa ka padulong?
- Where are they going? "Asa sila padulong?"
- Where is Asa ang
- Where is the bathroom? Asa man ang banyo?
- Where is the toilet? Asa man ang kasilyas? or Asa man ang CR? (CR = English "Comfort Room")
- Where is the market? Asa man ang merkado?
- What Unsa
- What's this? Unsa ni?
- What's that? Unsa nâ?
- What should we do? Unsay among buhaton? or Unsay atong buhaton? or Unsay angay namong buhaton? or Unsay angay natong buhaton
- What is your name? Unsay ngalan nimo? Unsay imong ngalan?, or colloquially, Kinsa'y ngalan nimo?
- What number of child are you in your family? Ikapila ka sa imong pamilya? (Firstborn, secondborn, etc.; common expression in Cebuano, not English)
- I would like to buy that. Gusto ko mopalit anâ.
- I would like two of those. Gusto ko ug duha anâ.
- Hello, my name is Miko. Kumusta, Miko akong ngalan., or colloquially, Ako si Miko.
- Shut up Hilom! or Saba! although "saba" means loud and sometimes people ridicule this word by being louder instead of being silent
- Help Me! Tabangi ko!
- Help! Tabang!
- Please, help me! "Palihug tabangi ko!" or "Palihug tabangi ako!"
- Wait a minute Kadiyot lang or Huwat sâ
- What time is it? Unsa nang (namang) orasa?
- It's five o'clock Alas singko na
- I love you. Gihigugma ko ikaw. or Nahigugma ko nimo. or Gihigugma tika. or Gimahal ko ikaw
- Take care. Pag-ayo-ayo! or Pag-amping
- Take that! (slang) Usapa 'na! (literally "Chew it!")
- Ouch! Agay!
- Don't! Ayaw!
- Yes Oo
- No Dili
[edit] The Clamor for recognition of Cebuano
The use of Tagalog as a basis for Pilipino drew criticism from other Philippine linguistic groups. To some extent, there was active resistance shown against its usage. For instance, the Philippine national anthem is sometimes sung in Cebuano and not in Pilipino in the island province of Cebu. This resistance did not threaten the country's national sovereignty. On the part of the Cebuanos, this may be a mere clamor for linguistic recognition. Their clamor for recognition might be based on the following arguments:
1. Historically, Cebu is the first and oldest City in the Philippines. Long before Manila fell into the hands of the Spanish Conquerors in the 16th century, Cebu was already an established trading and military post for the Spaniards.
2. Linguistically, Cebuano is recently, the country's second most widely used language. During the independence, it was the first largest linguistic group. Cebuano, though originally spoken only in the island of Cebu, is now being spoken in many parts of Mindanao, the eastern part of Negros island, and Bohol.
3. Strategically, due to its geographical location, Cebu is the alternate gateway to Manila adding significance to its language. Cebuano is the native language of more regions than Tagalog, being the language with the most native speakers in Region VII (Central Visayas), Region IX (Western Mindanao), Region X (Northern Mindanao), Region XI (Davao Region), Caraga Region, and Region XII (Southern Mindanao), and lingua franca speakers in latter 5 regions. There are also significant number of speakers in Region VI (Western Visayas, mostly in San Carlos City and neighboring areas) and Region VIII (Eastern Visayas, mostly in western Leyte and Southern Leyte). By comparison, Tagalog is the language of the majority in the NCR, Region IV-A, Region IV-B, and Region III (Central Luzon, where Kapampangan and Ilocano also dominate some areas).
[edit] See also
- Visayan languages
- Languages of the Philippines
- Boholano language
- Vicente Sotto Father of modern Cebuano Journalism ,Literature & Language
[edit] External links
- Cebuano language standardization reference
- Gitikgitik: Mga pakatawang Binisaya
- Tagalog - Bisaya - Bikolano - Pangasinan language Online Translator
- Cebuano English Word Translator
- Cebuano TV Soap Opera
- Ethnologue report for Cebuano
- Banat News Cebu's First Tabloid
- Bisaya Forums
- Sun Star Cebu News
- Cebuano Broadcast Media
- Bansa.org Cebuano Dictionary
- Cebuano English Dictionary from Webster's Online Dictionary - the Rosetta Edition
- Richard Tschumpel's German-Tagalog-Cebuano-English Dictionary
- Mga Panid sa Kagawasan (Cebuano Writings)
- Cebuano Studies
- A short list of popular Cebuano words
- Another short list of popular Cebuano words and phrases
- Links to various free Bibles (ebook and otherwise) published in Cebuano
- Learning Conversational Cebuano
- Cebuano Lessons
- Another on-line English Cebuano dictionary
- Arangkada Wiki
- Cebuano words recorded by Antonio Pigafetta in 1521 with the help of Enrique of Malacca
- Comprehensive phrasebook from the Peace Corps
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