Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canada is a federation consisting of ten provinces that, with three territories, make up the world's second largest country in total area. The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that a province receives relatively greater power and authority directly from the Crown, via the Constitution Act, 1867, whereas territories derive their mandates from the federal government.
The current provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon.
== ==History==
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia are the original provinces, formed when British North American colonies federated on July 1 1867 into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom. Over the following seven years, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces.
The Hudson's Bay Company maintained control of large swaths of western Canada until 1870, when it turned over the land to the Government of Canada, forming part of Northwest Territories. On September 1 1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60° parallel became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward: Manitoba's to the 60° parallel, Ontario's to Hudson Bay and Quebec's to encompass the District of Ungava.[1]
In 1869, Newfoundland decided in an election to remain a British territory, over concerns that central Canada would dominate taxation and economic policy. In 1910, Newfoundland and Labrador acquired dominion status. However, in 1933, the government of Newfoundland fell and during World War II, Canada took charge of Newfoundland's defence.[citation needed] Following World War II, Newfoundland's status was in question. In a narrow majority, the citizens of Newfoundland and Labrador voted for confederation in a 1948 referendum. On March 31 1949, Newfoundland and Labrador became Canada's tenth and final province.
==
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[edit] Government
Theoretically, provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government, with jurisdiction over many public goods such as healthcare, education, welfare, and intra-provincial transportation. They receive "transfer payments" from the federal government to pay for these, as well as exacting their own taxes. In practice, however, the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas. For instance in order to receive health care funding under medicare, provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates, such as universal access to required medical treatment.
Provincial and territorial legislatures are unicameral, having no second chamber equivalent to the Canadian Senate. Originally, most provinces did have such bodies, known as legislative councils, but these were subsequently abolished, Quebec's being the last in 1968. In most provinces, the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly except in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, where it is called the House of Assembly, and Quebec where it is generally called the National Assembly. Ontario has a Legislative Assembly but its members are called Members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs. The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the Canadian House of Commons. The head of government of each province, called the premier, is generally the head of the party with the most seats. This is also the case in Yukon, but Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level. The Queen's representative to each province is the Lieutenant-Governor. In each of the territories there is an analogous Commissioner, but he or she represents the federal government and not the monarch. These terminological differences are summarized below.
- Further information: Monarchy in the Canadian provinces
[edit] Federal, provincial, and territorial terminology compared
| Canada | Governor General | Prime Minister | Parliament | Parliamentarian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senate | House of Commons | Senator | Member of Parliament | |||
| Ontario | Lieutenant-Governor | Premier | n/a* | Legislative Assembly | n/a | Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP) |
| Quebec | National Assembly | Member of the National Assembly (MNA) | ||||
| Newfoundland and Labrador | House of Assembly | Member of the House of Assembly (MHA) | ||||
| Nova Scotia | Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) | |||||
| Other provinces | Legislative Assembly | |||||
| Territories | Commissioner | Government Leader (Premier) | ||||
*Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island historically had Legislative Councils, analogous to the federal Senate.
- See also: Office-holders of Canada
[edit] Provinces of Canada
The following table is listed in the order of precedence (i.e. when a province entered into Confederation).
| Province, with flag | Postal abbreviation/ ISO code | Other abbreviations | Capital | Entered Confederation | Population (2007)[2] | Area (km²) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Land | Water | Total | ||||||
| Image:Flag of Ontario.svg Ontario1 | ON | Ont. | Toronto | July 1 1867 | 12,753,702 | 917,741 | 158,654 | 1,076,395 |
| Image:Flag of Quebec.svg Quebec1 | QC | Que., PQ, P.Q. | Quebec City | 7,687,068 | 1,356,128 | 185,928 | 1,542,056 | |
| Image:Flag of Nova Scotia.svg Nova Scotia2 | NS | N.S. | Halifax | 932,966 | 53,338 | 1,946 | 55,284 | |
| Image:Flag of New Brunswick.svg New Brunswick2 | NB | N.B. | Fredericton | 748,878 | 71,450 | 1,458 | 72,908 | |
| Image:Flag of Manitoba.svg Manitoba3 | MB | Man. | Winnipeg | July 15 1870 | 1,182,921 | 553,556 | 94,241 | 647,797 |
| Image:Flag of British Columbia.svg British Columbia2 | BC | B.C. | Victoria | July 20 1871 | 4,352,798 | 925,186 | 19,549 | 944,735 |
| Image:Flag of Prince Edward Island.svg Prince Edward Island2 | PE | PEI, P.E.I., P.E. Island | Charlottetown | July 1 1873 | 138,800 | 5,660 | — | 5,660 |
| Image:Flag of Saskatchewan.svg Saskatchewan4 | SK | Sask., SSK, SKWN | Regina | September 1, 1905 | 990,212 | 591,670 | 59,366 | 651,036 |
| Image:Flag of Alberta.svg Alberta4 | AB | Alta. | Edmonton | 3,455,062 | 642,317 | 19,531 | 661,848 | |
| Image:Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador.svg Newfoundland and Labrador2 | NL | Nfld., NF, LB | St. John's | March 31 1949 | 506,548 | 373,872 | 31,340 | 405,212 |
Notes:
- Immediately prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were part of the Province of Canada.
- Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were separate colonies at the time of joining Canada. Prior to its entry, Newfoundland was a Dominion within the British Commonwealth.
- Manitoba was established simultaneously with Northwest Territories.
- Saskatchewan and Alberta were created out of land that had been part of Northwest Territories.
[edit] Territories of Canada
There are presently three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent jurisdiction and only have those powers delegated to them by the federal government.[3] [4] [5] They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, as well as essentially all islands north of the Canadian mainland (from those in James Bay to the Canadian Arctic islands). The following table lists the territories in order of precedence (territories take precedence after provinces regardless of the date of their creation).
| Territory, with flag | Postal abbreviation/ ISO code | Other abbreviations | Capital | Entered Confederation | Population (2007) | Area (km²) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Land | Water | Total | ||||||
| Image:Flag of the Northwest Territories.svg Northwest Territories | NT | N.W.T., NWT | Yellowknife | July 15 1870 | 41,795 | 1,183,085 | 163,021 | 1,346,106 |
| Image:Flag of Yukon.svg Yukon | YT | Y.T., YK | Whitehorse | June 13 1898 | 30,883 | 474,391 | 8,052 | 482,443 |
| Image:Flag of Nunavut.svg Nunavut | NU | NV | Iqaluit | April 1 1999 | 31,216 | 1,936,113 | 157,077 | 2,093,190 |
Note: Canada did not acquire any new land to create Yukon, Alberta, Saskatchewan, or Nunavut. All of these originally formed part of Northwest Territories.
[edit] Provincial and territorial evolution
British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island were separate colonies before joining Canada. Ontario and Quebec were united before Confederation as the Province of Canada.
Manitoba and Northwest Territories were created in 1870 from Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory. At the time, the land comprising Northwest Territories was all of current northern and western Canada, including the northern two thirds of Ontario and Quebec, with exception of the Arctic Islands, British Columbia and a small portion of southern Manitoba.
In 1882, provisional districts were formed as shown in some of these maps of the territorial evolution of the Northwest Territories.
In 1895, there were changes in the Districts of Northwest Territories.
In 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary. This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. The second, in 1927, occurred when a boundary dispute between the province of Quebec and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador increased at Quebec's expense.
In 1905 the size of the Northwest Territories shrunk as the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were formed.
In 1999, Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the western portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east.
Nunavut's population is about 85% Inuit, while the population of Northwest Territories is about 10% Inuit, 40% First Nations and Métis, and 50% non-Aboriginal.
All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada with about 100,000 people spread across a huge area. They are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organizational purposes.
Each of the territories elects one Member of Parliament. In contrast to United States territories such as the Virgin Islands, Canadian territories are each entitled to elect one full voting representative to the Canadian House of Commons. With the sole exception of Prince Edward Island having slightly greater per capita representation than the Northwest Territories, every territory has considerably greater per capita representation in the Commons than every other province. Residents of the Canadian territories are full citizens and enjoy the same rights as all other Canadians. Each territory also has one Senator.
In late 2004, Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status "eventually". He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in the Arctic, particularly as global warming could make that region more open to exploitation.[6]
[edit] Other
The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905, after which it became an administration district of Northwest Territories. In 1999, it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut.
There has also historically been an interest within both Canada and the Turks and Caicos Islands, an overseas UK territory in the Caribbean, for the latter to enter into Confederation in some capacity. While no official negotiations are underway, the two have a long-standing relationship and at times politicians on both sides have actively explored the circumstances under which this could be achieved.[7]
The Canadian National Vimy Memorial near Vimy, Pas-de-Calais département, France, is ceremonially considered Canadian territory. However, the French government declared in 1922 that they would grant the land "freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes". Unlike true Canadian land, such as an embassy, it is subject to the laws of France.[8]
[edit] Provincial parties
Most provinces have provincial counterparts to the three national federal parties. However, some provincial parties are not formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name. The New Democratic Party is the only party that has integrated membership between the provincial and federal wings. Some provinces have regional political parties, such as the Saskatchewan Party.
The provincial political climate of Quebec is quite different: the main split is between sovereigntism (of which separatism is generally held to be one strain), represented by the Parti Québécois, and federalism, represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party.
The provincial Progressive Conservative parties are also now separate from the federal Conservative Party, which resulted from a merger between the Progressive Conservatives and the Canadian Alliance. Historically and currently, the Canadian provincial and federal political party evolution is somewhat flexible. Provincial political parties are more stable than Canadian federal political parties.
[edit] References
- ^ Atlas of Canada. Territorial evolution. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
- ^ Statistics Canada Population Estimates (April 1, 2007)
- ^ Department of Justice Canada (1985). Northwest Territories Act. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
- ^ Department of Justice Canada (2002). Yukon Act. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
- ^ Department of Justice Canada (1993). Nunavut Act. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
- ^ CBC News. Northern territories 'eventually' to be given provincial status. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
- ^ CBC News. Canada's Caribbean ambition. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
- ^ Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial. Veteran Affairs Canada (August 8, 1998). Retrieved on 2007-07-20.
- Bumsted, J. (2004). History of the Canadian Peoples, Oxford: Oxford University Press (ISBN 0-19-541688-0)
- Statistics Canada - Population by province and territory, by sex and age group,
- Canada Online - Provincial Government Organization
[edit] See also
| Topic | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
|---|---|
| Politics | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Lists of lieutenant-governors | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • • NT |
| Lists of commissioners | YT • NT • NU |
| Lists of general elections | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Lists of premiers | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Premier | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Monarchy in | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Same-sex marriage | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Geography | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Demographics | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Lists of communities | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Rivers | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Census divisions | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Parks | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PE • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Lists of airports | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Lists of highways | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| History | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Symbols | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Scouting | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Education | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Universities | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Culture | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PEI • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Music | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PE • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Tourism | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PE • NL • YT • NT • NU |
| Topics | BC • AB • SK • MB • ON • QC • NB • NS • PE • NL • YT • NT • NU |
Lists relating to the provinces and territories of Canada | ||
|---|---|---|
| Ranked | by area · by population · by GDP · by order of joining Confederation | |
| Political | Current premiers · Current lieutenant-governors · Capitals · Elections | |
| Historical | Territorial evolution of Canada · Proposals for new provinces | |
| Other | Symbols · Name etymologies · Regions | |
| List of Canada-related topics | ||
Provinces and territories of Canada | ||
|---|---|---|
| Provinces | British Columbia · Alberta · Saskatchewan · Manitoba · Ontario · Quebec · New Brunswick · Nova Scotia · Prince Edward Island · Newfoundland and Labrador | |
| Territories | Yukon · Northwest Territories · Nunavut | |
First-level administrative divisions of North America |
|---|
Antigua and Barbuda · Bahamas · Barbados · Belize · Canada · Costa Rica · Cuba · Dominica · Dominican Republic · El Salvador · Grenada · Guatemala · Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua · Panama* · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Trinidad and Tobago* · United States * Territories also in or commonly reckoned elsewhere in the Americas (South America). |
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