Caliphate of Córdoba

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The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic: خليفة قرطبة) ruled the Iberian peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Córdoba, from 929 to 1031. This period was characterized by remarkable success in trade and culture; many of the masterpieces of Islamic Spain were constructed in this period, including the famous Great Mosque of Córdoba. The title Caliph (Arabic: خليفة) was claimed by Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of Córdoba (Arabic: أمير قرطبة). All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Umayyad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of Córdoba and ruled over roughly the same territory since 756. The rule of the Caliphate is known as the heyday of Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula, although it was practically finished in 1010 with the civil war (fitna) which started between descendants of the last legitimate Caliph Hisham II and the successors of his prime minister (or hayib) Almansur or Almanzor. The Caliphate was also probably exhausted by its expensive military efforts. However, it officially existed until 1031, when it was fractured into a number of independent taifas.

[edit] The Umayyad dynasty

Abd-ar-Rahman I became Emir of Córdoba six years after his dynasty, the Umayyad, had lost the position of Caliph (held in Damascus) in 750. Abd-ar-Rahman I was on the run from persecutors for 6 years before arriving in Spain. Intent on regaining a position of power, he defeated the existing Islamic rulers of the area, and united various local fiefdoms into an emirate.

Rulers of the Emirate were content to use the title emir or sultan until the 10th century, when Abd-ar-Rahman III was faced with the threat of invasion by the Fatimids, a rival Islamic empire based in Cairo. Partially to help in his fight against the invading Fatimids, who claimed the Caliphate in opposition to the generally recognized Abbasidian Caliph of Baghdad, Rahman III claimed the title of Caliph himself. This move helped Rahman III gain prestige with his subjects, and the title was retained even after the Fatimids were repulsed.

After the battle of Melilla in 927, the Umayyads controlled the triangle formed by Algeria, Siyimasa and the Atlantic Ocean. The Caliph's power extended itself toward the north, and until 950 the Holy Roman Empire exchanged ambassadors with Córdoba. A few years before, Hugh of Italy demanded safeguards for his merchant boats in the Mediterranean. In the north of the Iberian peninsula, the small Christian kingdoms, such as the Marca Hispanica, the Kingdom of Navarre and Aragon had difficulty resisting the power of the Caliphate. They sought a truce with the Caliph, exchanging some territories in exchange for peace. In 985, the Moors sacked Barcelona and in 997 Santiago de Compostella.^{[citation needed]}

The last Caliph of Córdoba was Hisham III (1027-1031). At his death in 1031 the territories he controlled, which had by then shrunk mainly to possessions on the Iberian Peninsula, fractured into a number of independent taifas. These fiefdoms continued until they were gradually pushed out by Christian forces during the Reconquista, unable to effectively resist as independent factions.

[edit] Economy

The economy of the Caliph was based on a considerable economic capacity - grounded in an important trade -, highly developed craftsmanship, and the most modern agricultural techniques in Europe. It based its economy on its money, which had a fundamental role in its financial splendor. The gold cordobesa money became the most important one of these ages, which was possibly imitated later by the Carolingian empire. Córdoba, the capital of the Caliphate, reached a 450,000 inhabitants, arguably making it the most important human centre of the World in these times. Other important cities were Toledo, Almería, Zaragoza and Valencia.

[edit] Culture

The cultural aspects are also amazing, in particular following Al-Hakam II's control of power. This caliph founded a library which would have attained 400, 000 volumes. The Caliph of Córdoba thus became famous for its philosophy, translating to medieval Europe works from ancient Greece. Ibn Masarra, Abentofain, Averroes who returned the works of Aristotle to Europe, and the Jew Maimónides (whose work paved the way for Aquinas's reconciliation of the ancient Aristotelian philosophy with Christianity) were some of these famous thinkers, although the majority were known for their groundbreaking achievements in medicine, mathematics and astronomy.

[edit] List of rulers

[edit] Umayyad Emirs of Córdoba

• Abd-ar-rahman I, 756-788
• Hisham I, 788-796
• al-Hakam I, 796-822
• Abd-ar-rahman II, 822-852
• Muhammad I, 852-886
• al-Mundhir, 886-888
• Abdallah ibn Muhammad, 888-912
• Abd-ar-rahman III, 912-929

[edit] Umayyad Caliphs of Córdoba

• Abd-ar-rahman III, as caliph, 929-961
• Al-Hakam II, 961-976
• Hisham II, 976-1008
• Mohammed II, 1008-1009
• Suleiman, 1009-1010
• Hisham II, restored, 1010-1012
• Suleiman, 1012-1016
• Abd-ar-Rahman IV, 1017

The Ummayad dynasty was interrupted by the Hammudid dynasty:

• Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir, 1016-1018
• Al-Qasim ibn Hammud al-Ma'mu, 1018-1021
• Yahya ibn Ali ibn Hammud al-Mu'tali, 1021-1023
• Al-Qasim ibn Hammud al-Ma'mu, 1023 (restored)

The Ummayad dynasty returned to power:

• Abd-ar-Rahman V, 1023-1024
• Muhammad III, 1024-1025
• Hisham III, 1026-1031

[edit] See also

• Caliphate
• History of Islam
• History of Portugal
• History of Morocco
• History of Spain

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