Simón Bolívar

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This article is about the South American independence leader.
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Simón Bolívar
Image:Bolívar por Acevedo Bernal.gif

In office
August 6, 1813 – 1830
Preceded by Cristóbal Mendoza
Succeeded by José Antonio Páez
Succeeded by Domingo Caycedo
In office
August 12, 1825 – December 29, 1825
Succeeded by Antonio José de Sucre
In office
February 17, 1824 – January 28, 1827
Preceded by José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre-Tagle
Succeeded by Andrés de Santa Cruz
Born July 24 1783(1783-07-24)
Caracas, Venezuela
Died December 17 1830 (aged 47)
Santa Marta, Colombia
Spouse María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa
Signature Image:Signature of Simón Bolívar.png
^  He was the President of Greater Colombia, and also of the Republic of Colombia and Venezuela.

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco called El Libertador (born July 24, 1783 in Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela – died December 17, 1830, in Santa Marta, Colombia) was a leader of several independence movements throughout South America, collectively known as Bolívar's War.

Together with José de San Martín, Bolívar is regarded as one of the Liberators of Spanish South America.

Contents

[edit] Family Heritage and Early Life

Image:Casa natal del Libertador.JPG
Birthplace of Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela.

The Bolívar aristocratic bloodline derives from a small village in the Basque Country, called Bolibar, which is the origin of the surname.[1] His father was a remote descendant of King Fernando III of Castile and Count Amedeo IV of Savoy, and was related to the male line of the family of Ardanza.[2] The Bolívars settled in Venezuela in the sixteenth century.

Some people claim that the family grew to prominence before gaining great wealth. For example, the Cathedral of Caracas, founded in 1575, has a side chapel dedicated to Simón Bolívar's family.[citation needed] In any case, they became one of the western hemisphere's richest families during the later colonial period, in large part due to the Aroa River gold and copper mines in Venezuela. Gold-mining in the region had begun in 1632, followed by discoveries of copper, which was exploited in the later seventeenth century under the name "Cobre Caracas". These mines became the property of Simón Bolívar's family. Bolívar used part of his inherited mineral income to finance the South American revolutionary wars.

Bolívar was born in Caracas, in modern-day Venezuela, and educated by tutors. Among them were Simón Rodríguez, whose ideas and educational style heavily influenced the young man, and Andrés Bello, the Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, philologist and diplomat. Following the death of his father, Juan Vicente de Bolívar y Ponte, 1st Marqués de San Luis, and his mother, María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco, Bolívar went to Spain in 1799 to complete his education.

On May 26, 1802, he married Maria Teresa Rodriguez del Toro y Alaiza (1781-1803), daughter of Bernardo Nicolas Rodriguez del Toro y Ascanio and Benita de Alaiza y Medrano. She died of yellow fever less than a year after their marriage (Jan. 1803), on a brief return visit to Venezuela; he never remarried.

Bolívar returned to Europe in 1804 and for a time was part of Napoleon's retinue.

[edit] El Libertador

Image:SimonBolivarCentralParkNYC.JPG
Simón Bolívar Monument, Sixth Avenue entrance to Central Park, New York City

Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1807, and, when Napoleon made Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain and its colonies in 1808, he participated in the resistance juntas in South America. The Caracas junta declared its independence in 1810, and Bolívar was sent to Britain on a diplomatic mission. Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1811. In March 1812, Bolívar was forced to leave Venezuela because of an earthquake that destroyed Caracas. In July 1812, junta leader Francisco de Miranda surrendered to the Spanish, and Bolívar had to flee to Cartagena de Indias. It was during this period that Bolívar wrote his Manifiesto de Cartagena.

In 1813, after acquiring a military command in New Granada under the direction of the Congress of Tunja, he led the invasion of Venezuela on May 14. This was the beginning of the famous Campaña Admirable, the Admirable Campaign. He entered Mérida on May 23, where he was proclaimed as El Libertador, following the occupation of Trujillo on June 9. Six days later, on June 15, he dictated his famous Decree of War to the Death (Decreto de Guerra a Muerte). Caracas was retaken on August 6, 1813, and Bolívar was ratified as "El Libertador", thus proclaiming the Venezuelan Second Republic.

Image:Bolivarmemorial01.jpg
Simón Bolívar Memorial Monument, standing in Santa Marta, Colombia

Due to the rebellion of José Tomás Boves in 1814 and the fall of the republic, he returned to New Granada, where he then commanded a Colombian nationalist force and entered Bogotá in 1814, recapturing the city from the dissenting republican forces of Cundinamarca. He intended to march into Cartagena and enlist the aid of local forces in order to capture Royalist Santa Marta. However, after a number of political and military disputes with the government of Cartagena, Bolívar fled, in 1815, to Jamaica, where he petitioned the Haitian leader Alexandre Pétion for aid.

In 1817, with Haitian help (given because he promised to free slaves), Bolívar landed in Venezuela and captured Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar).

A victory at the Battle of Boyacá in 1819 added New Granada to the territories free from Spanish control, and in September 7, 1821 the Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of modern Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador) was created, with Bolívar as president and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.

Further victories at the Carabobo in 1821 and Pichincha in 1822 consolidated his rule over Venezuela and Ecuador respectively. After a meeting in Guayaquil, on July 26 and July 27, 1822, with Argentine General José de San Martín, who had received the title of Protector of Peruvian Freedom, in August 1821, after having partially liberated Peru from the Spanish, Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru. The Peruvian congress named him dictator of Peru, on February 10 1824, which allowed Bolívar to completely reorganize the political and military administration. Bolívar, assisted by Antonio José de Sucre, decisively defeated the Spanish cavalry, on August 6, 1824, at Junín. Sucre destroyed the still numerically superior remnants of the Spanish forces at Ayacucho on December 9.

Image:Simón Bolívar, 1825.jpg
Portrait of Simón Bolívar, Lima, 1825

On August 6, 1825, at the Congress of Upper Peru, the Republic of Bolivia was created. Bolívar is thus one of the few men to have a country named after him. The constitution reflected the influence of the French and Scottish Enlightenment on Bolívar's political thought, as well as that of classical Greek and Roman authors.

Bolívar had great difficulties maintaining control of the vast Gran Colombia. During 1826, internal divisions had sparked dissent throughout the nation and regional uprisings erupted in Venezuela, thus the fragile South American coalition appeared to be on the verge of collapse.

An amnesty was declared and an arrangement was reached with the Venezuelan rebels, but political dissent in New Granada grew as a consequence of this. In an attempt to keep the federation together as a single entity, Bolívar called for a constitutional convention at Ocaña during April 1828.

He had seen his dream of eventually creating an American Revolution-style federation between all the newly independent republics, with a government ideally set-up solely to recognize and uphold individual rights, succumb to the pressures of particular interests throughout the region, which rejected that model and allegedly had little or no allegiance to liberal principles.

For this reason, and to prevent a break-up, Bolívar wanted to implement in Gran Colombia a more centralist model of government, including some or all of the elements of the Bolivian constitution he had written (which included a lifetime presidency with the ability to select a successor, though this was theoretically held in check by an intricate system of balances).

This move was considered controversial and was one of the reasons why the deliberations met with strong opposition. The convention almost ended up drafting a document which would have implemented a radically federalist form of government, which would have greatly reduced the powers of the central administration.

Image:Simon de Bolivar.jpg
Simón Bolívar medallion by David D'Angers, 1832

Unhappy with what would be the ensuing result, Bolívar's delegates left the convention. After the failure of the convention due to grave political differences, Bolívar proclaimed himself dictator on August 27 1828 through the "Organic Decree of Dictatorship".

He considered this as a temporary measure, as a means to reestablish his authority and save the republic, though it increased dissatisfaction and anger among his political opponents. An assassination attempt on September 25, 1828 failed, in part thanks to the help of his lover, Manuela Sáenz, according to popular belief.

Although Bolívar emerged physically intact from the event, this nevertheless greatly affected him. Dissident feelings continued, and uprisings occurred in New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador during the next two years.

[edit] Death and legacy

Image:PanteonNacional.jpg
The National Pantheon (Panteón Nacional), Venezuela.

Bolívar finally resigned his presidency on April 27, 1830, intending to leave the country for exile in Europe, possibly in France. He had already sent several crates (containing his belongings ) ahead of him to Europe.

He died before setting sail, after a painful battle with tuberculosis on December 17, 1830, in "La Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino"in Santa Marta, Colombia.

His remains were moved from Santa Marta to Caracas in 1842, where a monument was set up for his burial; however at present his remains are interred in the National Pantheon in Caracas, along with several other Independence heroes and some all-time Venezuelan notables. The 'Quinta' near Santa Marta has been preserved as a museum with numerous references to his life.[3]

[edit] Influence on Hugo Chavez

Bolivar's ideas currently hold a great influence in Venezuela and on its leader, Hugo Chavez. Like Bolivar, Chavez holds anti-imperialist views and evisions a united South America, composed of cooperating states that form an independent power bloc in the world.[1] Just as Bolivar wanted South America to be looked upon like Europe, Chavez wants South America to be looked upon like North America. Chavez told Carribean delegates, "I think that we Caribbean and Latin Americans need to think about, when the North American empire crashes, what comes next for us,"[2] Bolivar and Chavez also have military backgrounds. Both men have attempted to use military action in order to gain power.

The reason Hugo Chavez calls his revolution the “Bolivar Revolution” is because the principles are defined by Bolivar’s 19th Century struggle to unite Latin America and to abolish the practice of Spanish Colonianism. The structure of Chavez’s policies are mostly organized the unification of whatever policy he is refoming. For example, Chavez has created the Bolivarian Alternative of the Americas (ALBA)[3] The ALBA is a trade organizationm, consisting of Venezuela, Cuba, Bolivia, and Nicaragua, that is based not on competition, but mutual collaboration.[4] Another example of Bolivar's influence can be seen through the country's educational program. It's goal is to build "an army of patriotic Venezuelans."[5] Every classroom has sections called Bolivarian Corners. The “Bolivarian Corners” are where the Venezuelan flag, national anthem, and a portrait of Simon Bolivar are displayed. [6] The students are taught “Bolivarian princliples” every morning as the Venezuelan flag is raised. These practices of raising the flag and teaching “Bolivarian” principles are made mandatory by the country’s Constitution.[7] Chavez has even nationalized Venezuela’s main telephone company and electricity industry. [8] Venezuela has oil trade agreements with over ten countries, which are Cuba, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Dominica, Grenada, Suriname, Belize, St.Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Kitts and Nevis, Anigua, and Barbuda.[9] Venezuela also has agreements with Argentina and Brazil.

Chavez mentions Bolivar during his opening speech of the XII G-15 Summit on March 1st 2004. Chavez recites Pablo Neruda’s “Chant to Bolivar." Chavez then refers to Bolivar's attempts to “unite the Rising Republicans in a single, strong, and free republic”. [10] Chavez then mentions Bolivar's letter to Jamaica in 1815, in which he calls for an Amphictyonic Congress to meet. Bolivar, in the letter, states, “I wish one day we would have the opportunity to install there an august congress with the representatives of the Republics, Kingdoms and Empires to debate and discuss the highest interests of Peace and War with the countries of the other three parts of the world.” [11] In 2005, Chavez stated "We are prepared to go little by little towards integration, a union so that we are stronger, and to march forward, as Bolivar says, towards the prosperity of our people.[12] During a 2007 mass rally in Buenos Aires, Chavez said the following about Bolivar,“Simon Bolivar turned over all of his land. He freed all of his slaves, and he turned them into soldiers, and he brought them here. He brought them to Peru and Carabobo, and he worked together with the troops of San Martin to liberate this continent. That is Simon Bolivar.” [13]

Chavez renamed Venezuela the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Chavez has also changed the country's national seal and national flag into the image of Bolivar.[14] Almost 2000 primary and secondary schools (out of 20,000) have changed their name to Bolivarian. [15] The Venezuelan government has even sponsered floats of Bolivar at Carnival in Rio.[16]

[edit] Claims against Bolívar

In his book Bolívar, Libertador y enemigo No. 1 del Perú, Chavez prefiere filete del tubo, the Peruvian scholar Herbert Morote criticized Bolívar as the republic of Peru's "number 1 enemy" for assigning territory claimed by Peru to Ecuador (including Jaen and Maynas) and Bolivia (including Arica, later seized by Chile). Morote also attributed some of Peru's later problems of national unification to Bolívar's aristocratic and anti-indigenous legacy.[4]

[edit] Presidencies

Preceded by
Federation created 		President of Greater Colombia
1821–1830 		Succeeded by
Domingo Caycedo
Preceded by
José Bernardo de Tagle 		President of Peru
February 1824 – January 1826 		Succeeded by
Andres de Santa Cruz
Preceded by
Republic created 		President of Bolivia
1825–1826 		Succeeded by
Antonio José de Sucre

[edit] Other honors

In addition to the statues shown elsewhere in this article, there is an equestrian statue commemorating Bolívar's life and works in Washington, D.C., a statue at the United Nations Plaza in San Francisco, California, a statue in the Basque Country, Spain, a statue on the Reforma Avenue in Mexico City, a statue in Cairo, Egypt, a statue in Tehran Iran and a statue in San Juan de Puerto Rico. Statues signifying the friendship between Canada and South America in Quebec City and Ottawa, and also a bust in Sydney, Australia. A statue in Bolivar, Missouri which was presented by President Rómulo Gallegos of Venezuela and dedicated by President Harry S. Truman. A square in Athens, Greece bears his name and has a bust donated by the Republic of Venezuela. A central avenue in Ankara, the capital of Turkey bears his name and displays his bust, and Frankfurt, Germany also has a bust of the general.

Furthermore, almost every city and town in Venezuela and Colombia has a main square known as Plaza Bolívar, usually with a bust or a statue of Bolívar, the most famous being the one in Caracas. The central avenue of Caracas is called Avenida Bolívar, and at its end there is a twin tower complex named Centro Simon Bolívar built during the 1950s that holds several governmental offices.


[edit] Places and things named after Bolívar

[edit] Places

[edit] Miscellaneous

[edit] See also

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[edit] Notes

  1. ^ www.guiabizkaia.com/museos/Bolibar/Index.html.
  2. ^ genealogia.netopia.pt/pessoas/pes_show.php?id=276543.
  3. ^ Simón Bolívar entry on Find a Grave.com.
  4. ^ www.peru.com/noticias/idocs/2007/10/15/DetalleDocumento_451042.asp.
  5. ^ www.mikecochran.net/bolivar.html.

[edit] References

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  • BENCOMO BARRIOS, HECTOR. 1983: “Bolívar Jefe Militar”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas - Venezuela.79p.
  • BOHORQUEZ CASALLAS, LUIS ANTONIO. 1980. “"Breve biografía de Bolívar"'”. Colección José Ortega Torres, Gráficas Margal, Bogotá – Colombia.
  • BOLINAGA, MARÍA BEGOÑA. 1983: “Bolívar conservacionista”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas – Venezuela 91p.
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[edit] External links

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nan:Simón Bolívarar:سيمون بوليفار an:Simón Bolívar ast:Simón Bolívar az:Simon Bolivar bn:সিমন বলিভার zh-min-nan:Simón Bolívar be-x-old:Сімон Балівар bs:Simon Bolivar br:Simón Bolívar bg:Симон Боливар ca:Simón Bolívar cs:Simón Bolívar cy:Simón Bolívar da:Simón Bolívar de:Simón Bolívar et:Simón Bolívar el:Σιμόν Μπολίβαρ es:Simón Bolívar eo:Simón Bolívar eu:Simon Bolibar fa:سیمون بولیوار fr:Simón Bolívar fur:Simón Bolívar ga:Simón Bolívar gl:Simón Bolívar ko:시몬 볼리바르 hi:सिमोन बोलिवार hr:Simón Bolívar io:Simón Bolívar id:Simón Bolívar ia:Simón Bolívar is:Simón Bolívar it:Simón Bolívar he:סימון בוליבר kn:ಸೈಮನ್ ಬೊಲಿವಾರ್ ka:სიმონ ბოლივარი sw:Simon Bolivar la:Simon Bolívar lb:Simón Bolívar lt:Simón Bolívar li:Simón Bolívar hu:Simón Bolívar ml:സൈമണ്‍ ബൊളിവര്‍ mr:सिमोन बॉलिव्हार ms:Simón Bolívar nl:Simón Bolívar new:सिमोन बोलिभार ja:シモン・ボリバル no:Simón Bolívar nn:Simón Bolívar nds:Simón Bolívar pl:Simón Bolívar pt:Simón Bolívar ro:Simón Bolívar qu:Simón Bolívar ru:Боливар, Симон scn:Simón Bolívar simple:Simón Bolívar sk:Simón Bolívar sl:Simon Bolivar sr:Симон Боливар sh:Simón Bolívar fi:Simón Bolívar sv:Simón Bolívar vi:Simón Bolívar tg:Иёлати Боливар tr:Simón Bolívar uk:Болівар Симон war:Simón Bolívar zh:西蒙·玻利瓦尔

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