Basque Country (autonomous community)
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| Anthem: Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia | |||||
| Image:Localización de la CA de Euskadi (NUTS ES1).png | |||||
| Capital | Vitoria-Gasteiz | ||||
| Official language(s) | Spanish and Basque | ||||
| Area – Total – % of Spain | Ranked 14th 7,234 km² 1.4% | ||||
| Population – Total (2005) – % of Spain – Density | Ranked 7th 2,124,846 4.9% 293.73/km² | ||||
| Demonym – English – Spanish – Basque | Basque vasco/a euskaldun | ||||
| Statute of Autonomy | 25 October 1979 | ||||
| Parliamentary representation – Congress seats – Senate seats | 19 15 | ||||
| President | Juan José Ibarretxe Markuartu (PNV) | ||||
| ISO 3166-2 | PV | ||||
| Eusko Jaurlaritza/Gobierno Vasco | |||||
Basque Country (Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community. The Autonomous community obtained the status of historical region within Spain with the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The capital is Vitoria-Gasteiz (Vitoria is the name in Spanish , Gasteiz in Basque ).
The Autonomous community of the Basque Country is one of the territories where Basque is spoken. The modern extend of Basque speaking territories are also called the Basque Country (Basque: "Euskal Herria").
The following provinces make up the Autonomous Community:
- Alava (Spanish Álava, Basque Araba), capital Gasteiz (Spanish Vitoria)
- Biscay (Spanish Vizcaya, Basque Bizkaia), capital Bilbao
- Guipuscoa (Spanish Guipúzcoa, Basque Gipuzkoa), capital Donostia (Spanish San Sebastián)
Before the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and its system of autonomous communities, these three provinces were known in Spanish as the Provincias Vascongadas. The political structure of the autonomous communities is defined in the Gernika Statute, which was approved by the majority in a referendum, that was boycotted by part of the population, on October 25, 1979. In 2003, the governing Basque Nationalist Party proposed to alter this statute through the Ibarretxe Plan. The project, though approved by majority in the Basque chamber, was finally rejected by a large majority in the Spanish Cortes.
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[edit] Government
The current laws configure the autonomous community as a federation of the three constituent provinces, which had been ruled locally since their incorporation to Castile in 1200 by their own laws and institutions in what is known as the Foral System. These autonomous regimes, similar to the one for Navarre, were curtailed in the 19th century, largely suspended under Franco, but restored by the Spanish Constitution of 1978.
The post-Franco Spanish Constitution of 1978 acknowledges "historical rights" and attempts compromise in the old conflict between centralism and federalism by the establishment of autonomous communities (e.g. Castile and Leon, Catalonia, Valencia, etc). The provincial governments (diputación foral) were restored only in the Basque Country and Navarre, but many of their powers were transferred to the new government of the Basque Country and Navarra autonomous communities; however, the provinces still perform tax collection in their respective territories, coordinating with the Basque, Spanish and European governments.
Under this system the Diputaciones Forales (Basque: Foru Aldundiak) administer most of each of the provinces but are coordinated and centralized by the autonomous Basque Government (Basque: Eusko Jaurlaritza, Spanish Gobierno Vasco).
The seats of the Basque Parliament and Government are in Vitoria-Gasteiz, but the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country provides for their transference to Pamplona if Navarre ever decides to join the Basque Autonomous Community. The Parliament is composed of 25 representatives from each of the three provinces. The Basque Parliament elects the Lehendakari (President) who forms a government following regular parliamentary procedures. So far all Lehendakaris (even those in 1937 and during the exile) have been members of the Basque Nationalist Party (Eusko Alderdi Jeltzalea) (moderate and Christian-Democrat) since 1978. Despite their continued leadership role, they have not always enjoyed majorities for their party and have needed to form coalitions with either Spain wide parties or left-leaning Basque nationalist parties, often governing in a difficult minority position.[citation needed]
The current government, led by Juan José Ibarretxe (Eusko Alderdi Jeltzalea) is supported also by left-leaning nationalists of Eusko Alkartasuna (Basque Solidarity) and Communist-dominated Ezker Batua (United Left). Both non-regional parties, Partido Socialista de Euskadi (federated to the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) and Partido Popular (People's Party) are again in the opposition as are the radical nationalists of the Basque National Liberation Movement. The radical nationalists ran this time under the umbrella of a new formation that included the Euskal Herrialdeetako Alderdi Komunista (Communist Party of the Basque Homelands).
The autonomous community has its own police force (the Ertzaintza), controls the education and health systems, and has a Basque radio/TV station. These and other powers under the Gernika Statute have recently[citation needed] transferred by the Cortes Generales.
[edit] Languages
Basque and Spanish are co-official in all territories of the Community, though in many instances, especially those that depend on the central Spanish Government, like tribunals, it is difficult to carry on bureaucracy or judicial processes in any language other than Spanish.
A 1984 language census showed that of the 2.1 million people in the Autonomous Region, 23 percent could understand Basque, 21 percent could speak it, but only 13 percent could read the language and only 10 percent could write it.[1]
[edit] Territorial claims
The Statute provides for mechanisms for neighbour Navarre, which also has a Basque ethnic background and is claimed as the core of the nation by Basque nationalists, to join the three western provinces if it wishes to do so. In such a case, the seat of the common administration would be moved to Pamplona.
The Basque Government used the "Laurak Bat", which included the arms of Navarre, as its symbol for many years. Navarre protested, and tribunals ruled in their favour. The Basque Government replaced it with an empty red field.
Navarre is just one of the territories that the community's nationalist government claim as Basque territory; there are also two enclaves Treviño (Basque: Trebiñu) and Valle de Villaverde (Basque: Villaverde-Turtzioz), which are completely surrounded by Basque territory but belong to the neighbour communities of Castile-Leon and Cantabria respectively.
[edit] Economy
The Basque Autonomous Community is one of the wealthiest regions in the Spanish state, with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita being 20.6% higher than that of the European Union average in 2004, at $30,680 USD.[2]
[edit] Major cities
- Barakaldo
- Basauri
- Bilbao
- Donostia-San Sebastián
- Errenteria
- Getxo
- Irun
- Portugalete
- Santurtzi
- Vitoria-Gasteiz
[edit] See also
| Basque Portal |
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.photius.com/countries/spain/society/spain_society_the_basques.html
- ^ http://www.lehendakaritza.ejgv.euskadi.net/r48-7872/en/contenidos/informacion/ec_vasca/en_3216/indice_i.html
[edit] External links
Administrative divisions of Spain | |
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Autonomous communities Autonomous cities | Plazas de soberanía | Image:Flag of Spain.svg |
Traditional provinces of Basque Country | |
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| Southern Basque Country: Gipuzkoa · Álava · Biscay · Navarre Northern Basque Country: Labourd · Lower Navarre · Soule | Image:Flag of the Basque Country.svg |
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