Atabegs of Azerbaijan
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| Ancient History | |||
| Caucasian Albania | |||
| First Persian Empire and Alexander's conquests | |||
| Roman-Parthian rivalry and Sassanian conquest | |||
| Medieval History | |||
| Islamic Period | |||
| Seljuk dynasty | |||
| Atabegs of Azerbaijan | |||
| Mongol and Ilkhanid rule | |||
| Qara Qoyunlu | |||
| Aq Qoyunlu | |||
| Shirvanshah | |||
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The Atabegs of Azerbaijan rose from the ashes of the vast Seljuk Empire in the beginning of the 12th century. The atabeg (literally father lord in Turkish) was the title referred to the guardians appointed for minor princes of the Seljukid line who were nominally set over garrisons in provinces[1]. Atabegs, usually Turkic slave-officers, were tutors and vice-regents to their princes, but in the political circumstances of the time, they were the actual rulers[1].
In 1136, Sultan Masud appointed Shams ad-Din Eldegiz (ca. 1135-36 - 1175) to be an atabeg of Arslan-shah[2], the juvenile successor of the throne and transferred Azerbaijan to his possession as iqta. Eldegiz chose Barda as his residence, and attracted the local emirs to his camp. From 1161, the Seljukid princes at Hamadan fell under the control of the Atabeg of Azerbaijan[1].
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[edit] Shams ad-Din Ildeniz (Eldeniz)
Shams ad-Din Ildeniz became the ruler of the remainder of the north Iran and South Caucasus of the Seljuk empire. He was taking every measure to consolidate the power of his own anointed, but powerless sultan. The word “Azam” (Azam stands for Great) was added to the title of Azerbaijani Atabeg's. All of the State’s subsequent rulers used to hold this title. During his reign, Ildeniz, according to the evidence of medieval historians, e.g. Sadraddin al-Husseini, could subdue a spacious territory between the Caucasus and Persian Gulf. The territory belonging to him “stretched from the gate of Tiflis up to Mekran. He had possessed Azerbaijan (Iran), Arran, Shirvan, Djibal, Hamedan, Gilan, Mazandaran, Isfahan and Rei”. The Atabeks of Mosul, Kerman and Fars as well as the feudalists of Shirvan, Khuzestan, Hilat, Arzan-ar-Rhum and Maraga became his liegemen.
Georgia, whose army was strengthened by 40,000 Kipchak Turkic warriors[1][2], was the strongest antagonist of the Shamseddin Eldeniz. In 1138 Demetre I, the czar of Georgia, attacked Ganja. When leaving the city his troops carried off the well-known iron gate of Ganja as their trophy, which is today on display in Gori. From 1161 onwards they began to make plundering raids on Ani, Dvin, Ganja, Nakhchivan and other regions controlled by Atabeks. Eldeniz formed a union with other Seljukis in the beginning of 1160s to fight against the Georgians. In 1163 the allies inflicted a defeat on George III. In response to this defeat the czar of Georgia occupied Ganja in 1165. Georgians took several fields in Azerbaijan and they could reach such faraway cities as Nakhchivan and Beylakan. As a rule, Georgians used to be paid their tribute and then they left. In 1173 Atabek Shamseddin Eldeniz began his big campaign against Georgia but he was defeated. Atabek’s troops retreated and Shamseddin Eldeniz died in 1174 in Nakhchivan.
[edit] Muhammad Jahan Pehlevan
After the death of Shams ad-Din Eldeniz, in 1175, the Seljuk Sultan Arslan Shah tried to escape from the yoke of Grand Atabeg of Azerbaijan but failed, and was poisoned to death by Shams ad-Din's son, the new Grand Atabeg Mohammed Jahan Pahlavan (1174-1186)[3]. Pahlavan transferred his capital from Nakhchivan to Hamadan in western Iran, and made his younger brother, Qizil Arslan Othman (1186-1191), the ruler of Azerbaijan. In 1174, Qizil Arslan captured Tabriz, which subsequently became his capital[4].
Jahan Pahlavan suppressed all rebellious emirs and appointed faithful mamluks to key positions. He apportioned each of them any region or town as iqta. Twelve years of his rule are considered the most peaceful period of the State’s existence. Under his reign the central power was strengthened and no foreign enemy invaded the territory belonging to Atabegs. Friendly relations with Khorezmshakhs, the rulers of Central Asia, were founded. All those facts had positive influence on the development of science, handicraft, trade and arts.
[edit] Qizil Arslan
After Muhammed Djakhan Pekhlevan’s death his brother Qizil Arslan (1186-1191) ascended the throne. He continued successful struggle against the Seljuk rulers. At the same time central power began to get weaker as mamluks who had strengthened their power in their allotments did not want to obey the Sultan. Even Shirvanshakh Akhsitan who used to be Atabeks’ liegeman decided to benefit from the weakening of the Atabek’s power and invaded his territories in 1186. But he was defeated. His troops had to flee in pursuit of Atabek’s army. They reached Baku. At the same time Qizil Arslan occupied all the land of Shirvan lying between Shamakha and Derbent. In 1191 Togrul III, the last Selchuk ruler was overthrown by Qizil Arslan. Then, by Khalif’s leave, he proclaimed himself a Sultan. Same year Qizil Arslan who had become the individual ruler of the Great Selchuk Empire was assassinated. The power was divided among his three sons: Abu Bakr, Qutluq Inandj and Amir Amiran. Abu Bakr governed Azerbaijan and Arran, and his brothers were the rulers of Khorasan and several neighboring regions. Soon, these three successors began to fight for the throne. And Abu Bakr was the one to win this war. But the State’s defense capability was stricken. Khorezmshakhs’ and Georgians’ non-stopping forays aggravated the situation in the country and speeded up its decay.
[edit] Uzbek
This process was speeded up during the reign of Atabek Uzbek (1210-1225) who was enthroned after Abu Bakr’s death. That’s when Hassan Djalal Mikhranid (1215-1262) began his separative activities. This had shaken the fundamentals of the weakened State, and it could be invaded by the troops of Georgian czarina Tamara. The troops occupied several Azerbaijani towns but they had to return to Georgia. The Atabek State fell in 1225 when it was included into the Great Mongol Empire created by Genghis Khan.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c Hodgson, Marshall G.S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, University of Chicago Press, 1974, ISBN 0226476936, p. 260
- ^ Luther, K. "Atabakan-e Adarbayjan", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition
- ^ Antoine Constant. L'Azerbaïdjan, KARTHALA Editions, 2002, ISBN 2845861443, p. 96
- ^ Houtsma, M. T. E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, BRILL, 1987, ISBN 9004082654, p. 1053
[edit] External links
- Encyclopedia Iranica, "Atabakan-e Adarbayjan", Saljuq rulers of Azerbaijan, 12th–13th, Luther, K.az:Eldənizilər
ru:Ильдегизиды tr:İl-Denizliler
