António I of Kongo
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António I Nvita a Nkanga was a mwenekongo of the Kingdom of Kongo whom ruled from 1661 to his defeat and death at the Battle of Mbwila on October 29, 1665. He was elected following the death of King Garcia II. Like the former king, António I pursued a foreign policy focused at removing the Portuguese from his region.
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[edit] Policy against the Portuguese
Since 1620, Kongo and Portugual had been in a near-constant state of war with the only intervals coming after decisive BaKongo victories. After almost 30 years of decline in the face of BaKongo, Mbundu and Dutch military victories, the Portuguese had retaken their colonial possession in Luanda while establishing a tenuous peace with their old enemies. Feeling threatened by Portugal's return on Kongo's southern border, António I sought to renew Kongo's war against the Portuguese with a new alliance similar to the one at the Battle of Kitombo. Unable to rely on the Dutch for assistance, he sent emissaries to Spain but failed to procure an alliance. He also contacted Kongo's Mbundu allies in Matamba and the semi-independent kingdoms of Dembos and Mbwila.
[edit] Death at the Battle of Mbwila
The Portuguese got wind of these plans and were also pressing claims to sovereignty over the small kingdom of Mbwila. When a succession dispute between Mbwila king (supported by Kongo) and his aunt (supported by Portugal) erupted, the rivals both came with armies to settle the dispute. At the Battle of Mbwila the BaKongo suffered their worse military defeat, resulting in the death of hundreds including King António whom had led a contingent of 400 swordsmen into the battle. King António I was decapitated during or shortly after the battle (his head buried with regal honors by the Portuguese) while his crown and sceptre were taken to Portugal as trophies.
[edit] Aftermath
King António died with no heir apparent. Many of the men whom could have taken his place died or were captured at the battle including his seven year old son. The ruling House of Kinlaza and the opposing House of Kimpanzu fought furiously over the throne causing a devastating civil war. The heydey of the Kingdom of Kongo was at an end, and it would take forty years for the kingdom to be reunited.
| Preceded by Garcia II | Manikongo 1661–1665 | Succeeded by Afonso II |
[edit] See also
Rulers of the Kingdom of Kongo | ||
|---|---|---|
| Early Awenekongo (1390-1567) | Lukeni lua Nimi · Nanga of Kongo · Nlaza of Kongo · Nkuwu a Ntinu of Kongo · João I of Kongo · Afonso I of Kongo · Pedro I of Kongo · Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi · Afonso II of Kongo · Bernardo I of Kongo · Henrique I of Kongo | |
| Awenekongo of the Kwilu kanda (1567-1622) | Álvaro I of Kongo · Álvaro II of Kongo · Bernardo II of Kongo · Álvaro III of Kongo | |
| Awenekongo of the Nkanga a Mvika kanda (1622-1626) | Pedro II of Kongo · Garcia I of Kongo | |
| Mwenekongo of the Kwilu kanda (1626-1636) | Ambrósio I of Kongo · Álvaro IV of Kongo | |
| Awenekongo of the Kimpanzu kanda (1636) | Álvaro V of Kongo | |
| Awenekongo of the Kinlaza kanda (1636-1665) | Álvaro VI of Kongo · Garcia II of Kongo · António I of Kongo | |
| Civil War Awenekongo (1665-1678) | Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo · Álvaro VII of Kongo · Álvaro VIII of Kongo · Pedro III of Kongo · Álvaro IX of Kongo · Rafael I of Kongo · Afonso III of Kongo | |
| Post-Civil War states | Kibangu (1669-1709): Garcia III of Kibangu · André I of Kibangu · Manuel Afonso of Kibangu · Álvaro X of Kibangu · Pedro IV of Kongo Lemba(1669-1716): Pedro III of Kongo · João II of Lemba Mbamba Lovata (1678-1715): Manuel of Lovata | |
| Awenekongo after the recapture of São Salvador (1709-1891) | Pedro IV of Kongo · Manuel II of Kongo · Garcia IV of Kongo · Manuel II of Kongo · Garcia IV of Kongo · Nicolau I of Kongo · Afonso IV of Kongo · António II of Kongo · Sebastião I of Kongo · Pedro V of Kongo · Álvaro XI of Kongo · José I of Kongo · Afonso V of Kongo · Álvaro XII of Kongo · Alexio I of Kongo · Joaquim I of Kongo · Henrique I of Kongo · Garcia V of Kongo · André II of Kongo · Henrique II of Kongo · Álvaro XII of Kongo · Pedro VI of Kongo | |
| Awenekongo after 1881 vassalage treaty with Portugal (1891-1914) | Álvaro XIV of Kongo · Henrique III of Kongo · Pedro VII of Kongo · Manuel Nkomba of Kongo · Manuel III of Kongo | |
