Anthony Eden
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| The Right Honourable The Earl of Avon KG, MC, PC | |
| Image:AREden.jpg
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| In office 7 April 1955 – 9 January 1957 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Preceded by | Sir Winston Churchill |
| Succeeded by | Harold Macmillan |
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| In office 26 October 1951 – 6 April 1955 | |
| Prime Minister | Sir Winston Churchill |
| Preceded by | Herbert Stanley Morrison |
| Succeeded by | Rab Butler |
| Born | 12 June 1897 West Auckland, County Durham, United Kingdom |
| Died | 14 January 1977 (aged 79) Alvediston, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Beatrice Beckett (1902–1957) (1923 – divorced 1950) Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon (born 1920) (1952–1977) |
| Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford |
| Religion | Anglican |
Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 – 14 January 1977) was a British politician who was Foreign Secretary for three periods between 1935 and 1955, including World War II and Prime Minister from 1955 to 1957. He is mainly remembered for his role in the Suez Crisis of 1956, which was politically disastrous from a British perspective. He is generally ranked among the least successful British Prime Ministers of the 20th century [1][2], although two broadly sympathetic biographies (in 1986 and 2003) have gone some way to redressing the balance of opinion [3].
Contents |
[edit] Early career
Eden was born in West Auckland, County Durham, England, into a very conservative landowning family, and attended Eton. He was a younger son of Sir William Eden, baronet, from an old titled family. His mother, Sybil Frances Grey, was a member of the famous Grey family of Northumberland (see below). This was the meaning of Rab Butler's later gibe that Eden - in later life a handsome but ill-tempered man - was "half mad baronet, half beautiful woman". He had an elder brother called Timothy and a younger brother, Nicholas, who was to be killed when the battlecruiser HMS Indefatigable was sunk at the Battle of Jutland in 1916.
During the First World War, Eden serving with the King's Royal Rifle Corps reached the rank of captain, received a Military Cross, and at the age of twenty-one became the youngest brigade-major in the British Army; at a conference in the early 1930s he and Hitler observed that they had probably fought on opposite sides of the trenches in the Ypres sector. After the war he studied at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in oriental languages. (He was fluent in French, German and Persian and also spoke Russian and Arabic). After fighting a hopeless seat in the November 1922 General Election, Captain Eden, as he was still known, was elected Member of Parliament for Warwick and Leamington in the December 1923 General Election, as a Conservative. In that year also he married Beatrice Beckett. They had three sons, one of whom died shortly after birth, but the marriage was not a success and broke up under the strain of Eden's political career.
During the 1924-9 Conservative Government Eden was first Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Home Secretary, Sir William Joynson Hicks, and then in 1926 to the Foreign Secretary Sir Austen Chamberlain. In 1931 he held his first ministerial office as Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. In 1934 he was appointed Lord Privy Seal and Minister for the League of Nations in Stanley Baldwin's Government. Like many of his generation who had served in the First World War, Eden was strongly anti-war and strove to work through the League of Nations to preserve European peace. He was however among the first to recognise that peace could not be maintained by appeasement of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy. He privately opposed the policy of the Foreign Secretary, Sir Samuel Hoare, of trying to appease Italy during its invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935. When Hoare resigned after the failure of the Hoare-Laval Pact, Eden succeeded him as Foreign Secretary.
At this stage in his career Eden was considered as something of a leader of fashion. He regularly wore a Homburg hat (similar to a trilby but more rigid), which became known in Britain as an "Anthony Eden".
[edit] Foreign Secretary and resignation (1935-38)
Eden became Foreign Secretary at a time when Britain was having to adjust its foreign policy to face the rise of the fascist powers. He supported the policy of non-interference in the Spanish Civil War, and supported Neville Chamberlain in his efforts to preserve peace through reasonable concessions to Germany. He did not protest when Britain and France failed to oppose Hitler's reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936. But in February 1938, he resigned because he could not accept Chamberlain's opening of negotiations with Italy. He became a Conservative dissenter leading a group conservative whip David Margesson called the "Glamour Boys," and a leading anti-appeaser like Winston Churchill who led a similar group called "The Old Guard."[4] Although Churchill claimed to have lost sleep the night of Eden's resignation (later recounted in his wartime memoirs (The Gathering Storm, 1948), they were not allies, and did not see eye to eye until Churchill became Prime Minister. There was much speculation that Eden would become a rallying point for all the disparate opponents of Chamberlain, but instead he maintained a low profile, avoiding confrontation though he opposed the Munich Agreement and abstained in the vote on it in the House of Commons. As a result Eden's position declined heavily amongst politicians, though he remained popular in the country at large - in later years he was often wrongly supposed to have resigned in protest at the Munich Agreement.
[edit] Second World War (1939-45)
In September 1939, on the outbreak of war, Eden, who had briefly rejoined the army with the rank of major, returned to Chamberlain's government as Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, but was not in the War Cabinet. As a result he was not a candidate for the Premiership when Chamberlain resigned after Germany invaded France in May 1940 and Churchill became Prime Minister. Churchill appointed Eden Secretary of State for War.
At the end of 1940 Eden returned to the Foreign Office, and in this role became a member of the executive committee of the Political Warfare Executive in 1941. Although he was one of Churchill's closest confidants, his role in wartime was restricted because Churchill conducted the most important negotiations, with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, himself, but Eden served loyally as Churchill's lieutenant. Nevertheless he was in charge of handling much of the relations between Britain and de Gaulle during the last years of the war.
In 1942 Eden was given the additional job of Leader of the House of Commons. He was considered for various other major jobs during and after the war, including Commander-in-Chief Middle East in 1942 (this would have been a very unusual appointment as Eden was a civilian, not a General; General Harold Alexander was in fact appointed), Viceroy of India in 1943 (General Archibald Wavell was appointed to this job) or Secretary-General of the newly-formed United Nations Organisation in 1945.
Eden's eldest son, Simon Eden, was killed whilst on operational duty with the RAF in Burma in the last days of the Second World War. There was a close bond between Anthony and Simon Eden, and Simon's death was a great personal shock to his father. De Gaulle wrote him a personal letter of condolence in French.
[edit] Post-war
[edit] Opposition (1945-51)
After the Labour Party won the 1945 elections, Eden went into opposition as Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party. Many felt that Churchill should have retired and allowed Eden to become party leader, but Churchill refused to consider this and Eden was too loyal to press him. He was in any case depressed during this period by the break-up of his first marriage and the death of his eldest son.
[edit] Return to government (1951-55)
In 1951, the Conservatives returned to office and Eden became Foreign Secretary for a third time. Churchill was largely a figurehead in this government and Eden had effective control of British foreign policy for the first time, as the Cold War grew more intense. He dealt effectively with the various crises of the period, although Britain was no longer the world power it had been before the war. In 1950 he and Beatrice Eden were finally divorced and in 1952 he married Churchill's niece, Lady Clarissa Spencer-Churchill (b. 1920) — a nominal Roman Catholic who was fiercely criticized by Catholic writer Evelyn Waugh for marrying a divorced man — a marriage much more successful than his first had been. In 1953 Eden underwent a series of operations at Boston's Lahey Clinic to correct complications of gallbladder surgery he had undergone previously in London. During the removal of his gallbladder he suffered a bile duct injury, a very serious complication of a relatively minor procedure. Eden's health never fully recovered; this was to undermine his subsequent career. In 1954 he was made a Knight of the Garter.
[edit] Prime Minister (1955-57)
In April 1955 Churchill finally retired, and Sir Anthony succeeded him as Prime Minister. Eden was a very popular figure, as a result of his long wartime service and his famous good looks and charm. On taking office he immediately called a general election, at which the Conservatives were returned with an increased majority. But Sir Anthony had never held a domestic portfolio and had little experience in economic matters. He left these areas to his lieutenants such as Rab Butler, and concentrated largely on foreign policy, forming a close alliance with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower. His famous words "Peace comes first, always" added to his already substantial popularity.
[edit] Suez (1956)
- Further information: Suez Crisis
This alliance proved illusory, however, when in 1956 Sir Anthony, in conjunction with France, tried to prevent Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt, from nationalising the Suez Canal, which had been owned since the 19th century by British and French shareholders in the Suez Canal Company. Eden, drawing on his experience in the 1930s, saw Nasser as another Mussolini, considering the two men aggressive nationalist "socialists" determined to invade other countries. Sir Anthony even responded by plotting to assassinate Gamal Abdel Nasser by enlisting Miles Copeland's "assistance" since he was-apparently-a close friend of Nasser's. Others believed that Nasser was acting from legitimate patriotic concerns.
In October 1956, after months of negotiation and attempts at mediation had failed to dissuade Nasser, Britain and France, in conjunction with Israel, invaded Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal Zone. But Eisenhower immediately and strongly opposed the invasion. The U.S. President was an advocate of decolonisation, because it would strengthen U.S. interests, and presumably make other Arab and African leaders more sympathetic to the United States. Eden had ignored Britain's financial dependence on the U.S. in the wake of World War II, and was forced to bow to American pressure to withdraw. The Suez Crisis is widely taken as marking the end of Britain (along with France, whose forces had been defeated at Dien Bien Phu in Indo-China two years earlier) as a great power.
The Suez fiasco ruined, in many eyes, Eden's reputation for statesmanship and led to a breakdown in his health. His Chancellor, Harold Macmillan, despite having been one of the architects of Suez, manoeuvred Eden into resignation and succeeded him as Prime Minister in January 1957. Eden retained his personal popularity and was made Earl of Avon in 1961.
[edit] Suez in retrospect
His official biographer Robert Rhodes James re-evaluated sympathetically Eden's stance over Suez in 1986 [5] and, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, asked, "who can now claim that Eden was wrong?" [6]. Such arguments turned mostly on whether, as a matter of policy, the Suez operation was fundamentally flawed or whether, as such "revisionists" thought, the lack of American support conveyed the impression that the West was divided and weak. Anthony Nutting, who resigned as a Foreign Office Minister over Suez, expressed the former view in 1967, the year of the Arab-Israeli Six-Day War, when he wrote that "we had sown the wind of bitterness and we were to reap the whirlwind of revenge and rebellion" [7]. Conversely, D. R. Thorpe, another of Eden's biographers, suggested that had the Suez venture succeeded, "there would almost certainly have been no Middle East war in 1967, and probably no Yom Kippur War in 1973 also" [8].
[edit] Health Speculation in later years
| This section does not cite any references or sources. Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) |
A medical mishap would change the course of Eden’s life forever. During an operation in 1953 to remove Eden’s gallstones, the surgeon damaged his bile duct. This blunder made Eden vulnerable to recurrent infections and attacks of violent pain and fevers. To overcome this weakness Eden was prescribed the wonder drug of the 1950s - Benzedrine. Regarded by doctors in the 1950s as a harmless stimulant, it belongs to the family of drugs called amphetamines – the illegal drug we now call speed. During this time amphetamines were prescribed and used in a very casual way. It has been widely suggested[weasel words] that Eden's medication affected his mood and decision-making in both the build-up to and during the Suez Crisis.[citation needed]
[edit] Rejected plan for union between Britain and France
British Government cabinet papers from September 1956, during Eden's term as Prime Minister, have shown that French Prime Minister Guy Mollet approached the British Government suggesting the idea of an economic and political union between France and Great Britain.[9] This was a similar offer, in reverse, to that made by Churchill (drawing on a plan devised by Leo Amery [10]) in June 1940 [11]. The offer by Guy Mollet was referred to by Sir John Colville, Churchill's former private secretary, in his collected diaries, The Fringes of Power (1985), his having gleaned the information in 1957 from Air Chief Marshal Sir William Dickson during an air flight (and, according to Colville, after several whiskies and soda) [12]. Mollet's request for Union with Britain was rejected by Eden, but the additional possibility of France joining the British Commonwealth was considered, although similarly rejected. Colville noted, in respect of Suez, that Eden and his Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd "felt still more beholden to the French on account of this offer" [13].
[edit] Retirement (1957-77)
Eden soon retired and lived quietly with his second wife Clarissa, formerly Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston, in 'Rose Bower' by the banks of the River Ebble in Broad Chalke, Wiltshire and published a highly acclaimed personal memoir, Another World (1976), as well as several volumes of political memoirs. He sat for extensive interviews for the famed multi-part Thames Television production, The World at War, which was broadcast in 1974. He also featured frequently in Marcel Ophüls' 1969 documentary Le chagrin et la pitié, discussing the occupation of France in a wider geopolitical context. He spoke impeccable, if accented, French.[14] From 1945–1973, Eden was Chancellor of the University of Birmingham, England.
On a trip to the United States in 1976-77 to spend Christmas and New Year with Averell and Pamela Harriman, his health rapidly deteriorated. At his family's request, James Callaghan arranged for an RAF plane that was already in America to divert to Miami to fly him home. The Earl of Avon died from liver cancer in Salisbury in 1977 at the age of 79; born in the year of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, he thus died in the year of Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. Eden's papers are housed at the University of Birmingham Special Collections [1]
Eden's surviving son, Nicholas Eden (1930–1985), known as Viscount Eden until 1977, was also a politician and was a minister in the Thatcher government until his premature death from AIDS at the age of 54.
Anthony Eden is buried in the country churchyard at Alvediston, just 3 miles upstream from 'Rose Bower' at the source of the River Ebble.
[edit] Eden in Popular Culture
As Secretary of State for War in 1940, Eden ordered the setting-up of the Home Guard. In the film of the TV sitcom "Dad's Army", the (fictional) Walmington-on-Sea platoon is formed after listening to Eden's radio broadcast.
[edit] The Eden Government
- Anthony Eden: Prime Minister
- Lord Chancellor: Lord Kilmuir
- Lord President of the Council: Lord Salisbury
- Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons: Harry Crookshank
- Chancellor of the Exchequer: R.A. Butler
- Foreign Secretary: Harold Macmillan
- Home Secretary: Gwilym Lloyd George
- Secretary of State for the Colonies: Alan Lennox-Boyd
- Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations: Lord Home
- President of the Board of Trade: Peter Thorneycroft
- Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster: Lord Woolton:
- Minister of Education: Sir David Eccles:
- Secretary of State for Scotland: James Stuart
- Minister of Agriculture: Derick Heathcoat Amory
- Minister of Labour and National Service: Sir Walter Turner Monckton
- Minister of Defence: Selwyn Lloyd
- Minister of Housing and Local Government: Duncan Sandys
- Minister of Pensions and National Insurance: Osbert Peake
Changes
- December 1955 - Rab Butler succeeds Harry Crookshank as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons. Harold Macmillan succeeds Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Selwyn Lloyd succeeds Macmillan as Foreign Secretary. Sir Walter Monckton succeeds Lloyd as Minister of Defence. Iain Macleod succeeds Monckton as Minister of Labour and National Service. Lord Selkirk succeeds Lord Woolton as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The Minister of Public Works, Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, enters the Cabinet. The Minister of Pensions and National Insurance leaves the Cabinet upon Peake's retirement.
- October 1956: Sir Walter Monckton becomes Paymaster-General. Antony Henry Head succeeds Monckton as Minister of Defence.
Eden's initial cabinet is remarkable for the fact that 10 out of the original 18 members were Old Etonians: Eden, Salisbury, Crookshank, Macmillan, Home, Stuart, Thorneycroft, Heathcoat Amory, Sandys and Peake were all educated at Eton.
[edit] The Grey-Eden connection
Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey = Elizabeth Grey |
| | Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey William Grey Prime Minister = Maria Shireff | |---------| Georgina Plowden = Sir William Grey | Winston Churchill | | Sir William Eden = Sybil Grey John Strange Spencer-Churchill | | Anthony Eden========Clarissa Spencer-Churchill Prime Minister
[edit] References
| This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) |
- ^ Rating British Prime Ministers 29 November 2004
- ^ Churchill 'greatest PM of 20th Century' 4 January, 2000
- ^ Robert Rhodes James (1986) Anthony Eden; D.R. Thorpe (2003) Eden
- ^ http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/95/95077.html
- ^ Robert Rhodes James (1986) Anthony Eden
- ^ Letter, Daily Telegraph, 7 August 1990
- ^ Anthony Nutting (1967) No End of a Lesson
- ^ D. R. Thorpe (2003) Eden
- ^ When Britain and France nearly married 15 January 2007
- ^ See David Faber (2005) Speaking for England
- ^ See, for example, Julian Jackson (2003) The Fall of France
- ^ "Postscript to Suez", recording conversation of 9 April 1957: John Colville (1985) The Fringes of Power, Volume Two
- ^ "Postscript to Suez", recording conversation of 9 April 1957: John Colville (1985) The Fringes of Power, Volume Two
- ^ We would have done the same under Nazi occupation Tuesday April 25, 2006
- Books
- Eden, Anthony. The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Sir Anthony Eden KG, PC, MC: Full Circle. (3 volumes) London: Cassell, 1960, 1962, 1965.
- Biographies
- Film: Marcel Ophüls. Le chagrin et la pitié, 1971.
- Thorpe, D.R. Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden, First Earl of Avon, 1897–1977. London: Chatto and Windus, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7011-6744-0); London: Pimlico, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-7126-6505-6).
- Reviewed by Peter Jay in The Guardian, March 22, 2003.
[edit] External links
- More about Anthony Eden on the Downing Street website.
- University of Birmingham Special Collections The Avon Papers including papers on the Suez Crisis
- http://www.discoverychannel.com.au/altered_statesmen/anthony_eden/index.shtml
- http://discoverychannelasia.com/altered_statesmen/eden/index.shtml
- "Prime Ministers in the Post-War world: Anthony Eden", lecture by Dr David Carlton, given at Gresham College, 10 May 2007 (available for download as video or audio files)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Eden, Anthony |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | 1st Earl of Avon |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | British politician & Conservative prime minister |
| DATE OF BIRTH | June 12 1897 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | West Auckland, County Durham, England |
| DATE OF DEATH | January 14 1977 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Alvediston, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England |
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