Ancient Macedonian language

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Ancient Macedonian
Spoken in:	Macedon (extinct language)
Language extinction:	absorbed by Common Greek in the Hellenistic Age
Language family:	Indo-European  (Paleo-Balkan, possibly Greek)   Ancient Macedonian
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	ine
ISO 639-3:	xmk
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The Ancient Macedonian language was the tongue of the Ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in Macedon during the 1st millennium BC. Marginalized from the 5th century BC, it was gradually replaced by the common Greek dialect of the Hellenistic Era. It was probably spoken predominantly in the inland regions away from the coast. It is as yet undetermined whether the language was a dialect of Greek, a sibling language to Greek, or an Indo-European language which is a close cousin to Greek and also related to Thracian and Phrygian languages.

Knowledge of the language is very limited because there are no surviving texts that are indisputably written in the language, though a body of authentic Macedonian words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the 5th century lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria, amounting to about 150 words and 200 proper names. Most of these are confidently identifiable as Greek, but some of them are not easily reconciled with standard Greek phonology. The 6,000 surviving Macedonian inscriptions are in the Greek Attic dialect.

The Pella curse tablet, a text written in a distinct Doric Greek idiom, found in 1986, dated to between mid to early 4th century BC, has been forwarded as an argument that the ancient Macedonian language was a dialect of North-Western Greek, part of the Doric dialects (O. Masson, 1996). Before the discovery it was proposed that the Macedonian dialect was an early form of Greek, spoken alongside Doric proper at that time (Rhomiopoulou, 1980).

The classification of the language as "Greek" or not is of some importance in the context of the Macedonia naming dispute (see also Macedonian language naming dispute).

Contents 1 Properties 2 Classification 2.1 Independent Palaeo-Balkans language 2.2 Hellenic (Graeco-Macedonian) Group 2.3 Ancient Greek dialect 3 Macedonian in Classical sources 4 Adoption of the Attic dialect 5 Early Greek Inscriptions 5.1 Macedonian words in Epigraphy 5.2 Macedonian influence on Koine 6 Sample glossary 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

[edit] Properties

From the few words that survive, only a little can be said about the language. A notable sound-law is that the Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates (/bʰ, dʰ, gʰ/) appear as voiced stops /b, d, g/, (written β, δ, γ), in contrast to all known Greek dialects, which have unvoiced them to /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ (φ, θ, χ).

• Macedonian δανός danós ('death', from PIE *d^henh₂- 'to leave'), compare Attic θάνατος thánatos
• Macedonian ἀβροῦτες abroûtes or ἀβροῦϜες abroûwes as opposed to Attic ὀφρῦς ophrûs for 'eyebrows'
• Macedonian Βερενίκη Bereníkē versus Attic Φερενίκη Phereníkē, 'bearing victory'
• Macedonian ἄδραια adraia ('bright weather'), compare Attic αἰθρία aithría, from PIE *h₂aid^h-
• Macedonian βάσκιοι báskioi ('fasces'), from PIE *b^hasko
• According to Hdt. 7.73 (ca. 440 BC), the Macedonians claimed that the Phryges were called Brygoi before they migrated from Thrace to Anatolia (around 1200 BC).
• Macedonian μάγειρος mágeiros ('butcher') was a loan from Doric into Attic. Vittore Pisani has suggested an ultimately Macedonian origin for the word, which could then be cognate to μάχαιρα mákhaira ('knife', <PIE *mag^h-, 'to fight')

The same treatment is known from other Paleo-Balkan languages, e.g. Phrygian bekos ('bread'), Illyrian ^[1] bagaron ('warm'), but Attic φώγω phōgō ('roast'), all from PIE *b^heh₃g-. Since these languages are all known via the Greek alphabet, which has no signs for voiced aspirates, it is unclear whether de-aspiration had really taken place, or whether β, δ, γ were just picked as the closest matches to express voiced aspirates.

If γοτάν gotán ('pig') is related to *g^wou ('cattle'), this would indicate that the labiovelars were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the usual Greek treatment (Attic βοῦς boûs). Such deviations, however, are not unknown in Greek dialects; compare Doric (Spartan) γλεπ- glep- for common Greek βλεπ- blep-, as well as Doric γλάχων gláchōn and Ionic γλήχων glēchōn for common Greek βλήχων blēchōn.^[2]

A number of examples suggest that voiced velar stops were devoiced, especially word-initially: κάναδοι kánadoi, 'jaws' (<PIE *genu-); κόμβους kómbous, 'molars' (<PIE *gombh-); within words: ἀρκόν arkón (Attic ἀργός argós); the Macedonian toponym Akesamenai, from the Pierian name Akesamenos (if Akesa- is cognate to Greek agassomai, agamai, "to astonish"; cf. the Thracian name Agassamenos).

In Aristophanes' The Birds, the form κεβλήπυρις keblēpyris ('red-cap bird') is found, showing a Macedonian-style voiced stop in place of a standard Greek unvoiced aspirate: κεβ(α)λή keb(a)lē versus κεφαλή kephalē ('head').

[edit] Classification

Due to the fragmentary attestation various interpretations are possible.^[3] The discussion is closely related to the reconstruction of the Proto-Greek language. The suggested historical interpretations of Macedonian include:^[4]

• an Indo-European language which is a close cousin to Greek and also related to Thracian and Phrygian languages, suggested by A. Meillet (1913) and I. I. Russu (1938),^[5] or part of a Sprachbund encompassing Thracian, Illyrian and Greek (Kretschmer 1896, E. Schwyzer 1959).
• an "Illyrian" dialect mixed with Greek, suggested by K. O. Müller (1825) and by G. Bonfante (1987).
• various "Greek" scenarios:
  • a Greek dialect, part of the North-Western (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote) variants of Doric Greek , suggested by N.G.L. Hammond (1989) and O. Masson (1996).^[6][7]
  • a northern Greek dialect, related to Aeolic Greek and Thessalian, suggested among others by A.Fick (1874) and O.Hoffmann (1906).^[6][8]
  • a Greek dialect with a non-Indo-European substratal influence, suggested by M. Sakellariou (1983).

[edit] Independent Palaeo-Balkans language

Meillet and other Indo-Europeanists consider Macedonian an Indo-European language in its own right, not especially close to Greek, and identify it as one of the "Paleo-Balkans" group which also includes Thracian, Phrygian and other poorly attested languages. Schwyzer^[9] and others hypothesize that linguistically Macedonian was between Illyrian and Thracian, a kind of intermediary language linking the two, in the sense of a dialect continuum or Sprachbund, since a genetic Thraco-Illyrian unity is highly uncertain and cannot be proven on grounds of the surviving evidence. In 1999, A. Garrett has surmised that Macedonian may at an early stage have been part of a dialect continuum which spanned the ancestor dialects of all south-western Indo-European languages (including Greek), but that it then remained peripheral to later areal processes of convergence which produced Greek proper. He argues that under this perspective sound-change isoglosses such as the deaspiration of voiced stops may be of limited diagnostic value, while ultimately the question of whether Macedonian belongs or does not belong to a genetic union with Greek is moot.^[10]

[edit] Hellenic (Graeco-Macedonian) Group

Some linguists consider that the Macedonian tongue was a sibling language to all the Ancient Greek dialects, and not simply a Greek dialect. If this view is correct, then Macedonian and Greek would be the two subbranches of a group within Indo-European, forming a Graeco-Macedonian supergroup, "which could more properly be called Hellenic".^[3] This terminology may lead to misunderstandings, since the "Hellenic branch of Indo-European" is also used synonymously with the Greek branch (which contains all ancient and modern Greek dialects) in a narrower sense.^[11]

A number of the Macedonian words, particularly in Hesychius' lexicon, are disputed (i.e., some do not consider them actual Macedonian words) and some may have been corrupted in the transmission. Thus abroutes, may be read as abrouwes (αβρουϝες), with tau (Τ) replacing a digamma (F).^[12] If so, this word would perhaps be encompassable within a Greek dialect; however, others (e.g. A. Meillet) see the dental as authentic and think that this specific word would perhaps belong to an Indo-European language different from Greek.

[edit] Ancient Greek dialect

Another school of thought maintains that Macedonian was a Greek dialect. Those who favour a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect are numerous and include early scholars like H. Ahrens and O. Hoffmann.^[13] A recent proponent of this school was Professor Olivier Masson, who in his article on the ancient Macedonian language in the third edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary tentatively suggested that Macedonian was related to North-Western Greek dialects:^[6]

“

In our view the Greek character of most names is obvious and it is difficult to think of a Hellenization due to wholesale borrowing [...]The small minority of names which do not look Greek [...] may be due to a substratum or adstratum influences (as elsewhere in Greece).Macedonian may then be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronunciations. Yet in contrast with earlier views which made of it an Aeolic dialect [...] we must by now think of a link with North-West Greek [...] We must wait for new discoveries, but we may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.

”

As to Macedonian β, δ, γ = Greek φ, θ, χ, Claude Brixhe^[14] suggests that it may have been a later development: The letters may already have designated not voiced stops, i.e. [b, d, g], but voiced fricatives, i.e. [β, δ, γ], due to a voicing of the voiceless fricatives [φ, θ, x] (= Classical Attic [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]). Brian Joseph sums up that "[t]he slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible", but cautions that "most likely, Ancient Macedonian was not simply an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with Attic or Aeolic".^[3] In this sense, some authors also call it a "deviant Greek dialect."

[edit] Macedonian in Classical sources

Further information: Ancient Macedonians

Among the references that have been discussed as possibly bearing some witness to the linguistic situation in Macedonia, there is a sentence from a fragmentary dialogue, apparently between an Athenian and a Macedonian, in an extant fragment of the 5th century BC comedy 'Macedonians' by the Athenian poet Strattis (fr. 28), where a stranger is portrayed as speaking in a rural Greek dialect. His language contains expressions such as ὕμμες ὡττικοί for ὑμείς αττικοί "you Athenians", ὕμμες being also attested in Homer, Sappho (Lesbian) and Theocritus (Doric), while ὡττικοί appears only in "funny country bumpkin" contexts of Attic comedy.^[15]

Another text that has been quoted as evidence is a passage from Livy (lived 59 BC-14 AD) in his Ab urbe condita (31.29). Describing political negotiations between Macedonians and Aetolians in the late 3rd century BC, Livy has a Macedonian ambassador argue that Aetolians and Macedonians were "men of the same language".^[16] This has been interpreted as referring to their common North-West Greek speech (as opposed to Attic Koiné).^[17]

Quintus Curtius Rufus, Philotas's trial^[18].

[edit] Adoption of the Attic dialect

As southern Greek influence increased, Macedonians increasingly began to adopt the Attic dialect first as an official, and then as a vernacular in its koine form. It is estimated that ancient Macedonian became supplanted by the 4th century BC.^[19]

“General Paulus of Rome surrounded by the ten Commissioners took his official seat surrounded by the whole crowds of Macedonians…Paulus announced in Latin the decisions of the Senate, as well as his own, made by the advice of his council. This announcement was translated into Greek and repeated by Gnaeus Octavius the Praetor-for he too was present. ---

^[20]

[edit] Early Greek Inscriptions

• Aiane (Archaic period 750 – 480 BC)^[21]
• Elimeia ca. 500-475 BC
• Pella ca. 500-450 BC
• Aegae early 5th c.BC
• Eordea early 5th BC
• Aiane early 5th BC
• Aiane ca. 450 BC
• Aegae ca. 430-420 BC
• Pella ca. 400 BC
• Pella late 5th/early 4th c. BC
• Beroea ca. 400-350 BC
• Pella Katadesmos ca. 380-350 BC
• Mygdonia unpublished Katadesmos Classical period

[edit] Macedonian words in Epigraphy

• ἀρχινεύσασαι archineusasai (Lete ca. 350 BC,hapax)^[22][23].Ritual term,feminine plural past participle of unattested verb archineuo.(ἀρχι+ νεύω nod,wink).
• Βλουρεῖτις Bloureitis epithet of Artemis.(Skydra 106 AD,hapax)^[24].Greek Φιλωρεῖτις Philoreitis.Artemis Agrotera(Huntress^[25]), Gazoreitis(from Gazoros,north of Kerkini lake), Bloureitis (fond of mountains).Phil- + Oros mountain.
• Δάῤῥων Darrhon minor god of healing (Pella — ca. 200-150 BC)
• κοτθυβος kotthubos non-metallic armour.(Amphipolis - ca.200 BC,hapax)^[26].(Cf.Attic kosumbos ,fringe,hairnet)(Hesych. κοσύμβη kosumbe Cretan small

shield,ἀνάδεσμα,anadesma,bandage,ἐγκόμβωμα,enkomboma,outward ornamental garment,Egyptian περίζωμα perizoma girdle. About the military decree of Amphipolis ,see Phalanx,last paragraph.

• Κυναγίδας Kynagidas epithet of Herakles.(Attic kynegos Doric kynagos Hunter) attested in 13 inscriptions of various places in Macedonia from 4th c.BC to 2th c.AD.Κυναγὼ Kynago epithet of Artemis,attested twice.(Protectors of Hunters).Oldest inscription in Beroea— ca. 350-300 BC^[27]
• σάρισσα sárissa (σάρισα sarisa attested hapax with one s in the military decree of Amphipolis^[28]), a long pike used by the Macedonian phalanx (Theophrastus, Polybius; etymology unknown – Blumenthal^[29] reconstructs *sk^wrvi-entia- to a root for 'cut', but this is speculative; perhaps Attic σαίρω saírō to show the teeth, grin like a dog, esp. in scorn or malice,σαρόω-ῶ saroô,sarôsai to sweep clean or away,σάρωτρον sárotron broom) modern Greek verb σαρώνω,sarόno,wipe out - noun σάρωση,sárosi,scan,cleaning.

[edit] Macedonian influence on Koine

The phrase of Athenaeus (3.122.a) makedonizontas t' oida pollous tôn Attikôn (I am also aware of many Attic authors using Macedonian) may refer to Macedonian vocabulary^[30] or speaking in forms of Koine^[31].Various words of Attic changed their meaning in Hellenistic period;some of them due to Macedonian influence^[32].

• παρεμβολή parembole (Attic insertion) (Macedonian barracks,camp) a word attested as military camp 6 times in Epigraphy and 2 times in New Testament.Phrynichus calls it δεινῶς Μακεδονικὸν very Macedonic.Parembole was also the name of a city in Upper Egypt^[33].
• ῥύμη rhume (Attic rush,onset,flux) (Macedonian lane, alley, street) a word attested with the second meaning 3 times in Epigraphy and 2 times in New Testament.

[edit] Sample glossary

The below words of unknown date,mostly out of the single manuscript of Hesychius are marked there as Macedonian.For the words of Macedonian Amerias,that some of them may be Macedonian,see Glossary of Amerias

• ἄβαγνα ábagna 'roses' (Hes. Attic ῥόδα; perhaps Doric ἀβός abós 'young, luxuriant' + ἁγνός hagnós 'pure, chaste, unsullied')^{[citation needed]}
• ἀβαρύ abarý 'oregano' (Hes. ὀρίγανον oríganon, perhaps Attic prefix α a 'not' + βαρύ barý 'heavy')
• ἀβροῦτες or ἀβροῦϜες abroûtes or abroûwes 'eyebrows' (Hes. Attic ὀφρῦς ophrûs acc. pl., ὀφρύες ophrúes nom., PIE *b^hru-)
• ἄγημα ágēma, 'vanguard, guards' (Hes. Attic ἄγημα ágēma, PIE *ag-); cf. Polybius, Histories, 5.65.2
• ἀγκαλίς ankalís 'weight, burden, load' or 'sickle' (Hes. Attic ἄχθος ákhthos or δρέπανον drépanon, LSJ Attic ἀγκαλίς ankalís 'bundle', or in pl. ἀγκάλαι ankálai 'arms' (body parts), ἄγκαλος ánkalos 'armful, bundle', ἀγκάλη ankálē 'the bent arm' or 'anything closely enfolding', as the arms of the sea, PIE *ank 'to bend')
• ἀδῆ adē 'clear sky' or 'the upper air' (Hes. οὐρανός ouranós 'sky', LSJ and Pokorny Attic αἰθήρ aithēr 'ether, the upper, purer air', hence 'clear sky, heaven')
• ἄδις ádis 'hearth' (Hes. ἐσχάρα eskhára, LSJ Attic αἶθος aîthos 'fire, burning heat')
• ἄδραια ádraia 'fine weather, open sky' (Hes. Attic αἰθρία aithría, PIE *aidh-)
• ἀκρουνοί akrounoí 'boundary stones' nom. pl. (Hes. ὃροι hóroi, LSJ Attic ἄκρος ákros 'at the end or extremity', from ἀκή akē 'point, edge', PIE *ak 'summit, point' or 'sharp')
• ἀλίη alíē 'kapros, boarfish'
• ἄλιζα áliza (also alixa) 'White Poplar' (Hes. Attic λεύκη leúkē 'white poplar', perhaps Pokorny Attic ἐλάτη elátē 'fir, spruce', PIE *ol-, *el-) ,(aliso P.Gmc. and Span. 'alder')
• ἀμαλή amalē 'gentle' fem. (LSJ ἀμαλή, Attic ἁμαλή, ἁπαλή hamalē, hapalē)
• ἄξος áxos 'timber' (Hes. Attic ὓλη húlē) PIE *os- ash tree(OE.æsc ash tree),(Grk.οξυά oxya,Alb. ah,beech),(Armen. haci ash tree)
• ἀορτής aortēs, 'swordsman' (Hes. ξιφιστής; Homer ἄορ áor 'sword'; Attic ἀορτήρ aortēr 'swordstrap', modern Greek αορτήρ aortír 'riflestrap'; hence aorta)
• ἄργελλα árgella 'bathing hut' (Cimmerian ἄργιλλα árgilla 'subterranean dwelling' (Ephorus in Strb. 5.4.5): PIE *areg-; borrowed into Balkan Latin and gave Romanian argea (pl. argele), "wooden hut", dialectal (Banat) arghela "stud farm") ; cf. Sanskrit argalā 'latch, bolt', Old English reced "building, house", Albanian argësh "harrow, crude bridge of crossbars, crude raft supported by skin bladders"
• ἀργιόπους argiópous 'eagle' (LSJ Attic ἀργίπους argípous 'swift- or white-footed', PIE *hrg'i-pods < PIE *arg + PIE *ped)
• ἀρκόν arkón 'leisure, idleness' (LSJ Attic ἀργός argós 'lazy, idle' nom. sing., ἀργόν acc.)
• ἄσπιλος áspilos 'torrent' (Hes. χείμαῤῥος kheímarrhos, Attic ἄσπιλος áspilos 'without stain, spotless, pure')
• βάσκιοι báskioi 'fasces' (Hes. Attic δεσμοὶ φρῡγάνων desmoì phrūgánōn, Pokorny Macedonian βασκευταί baskeutaí, Attic φασκίδες phaskídes, perhaps Attic φάσκωλος pháskōlos 'leather sack', PIE *b^hasko-)
• γοτάν gotán 'pig' acc. sing. (PIE *g^wou- 'cattle', (Attic βοτόν botón ' beast', in plural βοτά botá 'grazing animals')
• δάνος dánοs 'death', δανῶν danōn 'murderer' (Hes. Attic thánatos θάνατος 'death', from root θαν- than-) δανoτής danotês (disaster,pain) Sophocles Lacaenae fr.338^[34]
• δάρυλλος dárullos 'oak' (Hes. Attic δρῦς drûs, PIE *doru-)
• ἐταῖροι etaîroi 'comrades' nom. pl. (Attic ἑταῖροι hetaîroi, PIE *swe-t-aro < suffixed form of *swe)
• ἴλαξ ílax 'the holm-oak, evergreen or scarlet oak' (Hes. Attic πρῖνος prînos, Latin ilex)
• κάναδοι kánadoi 'jaws' nom. pl. (Attic γνάθοι gnáthoi, PIE *genu, 'jaw')
• κάραβος kárabos
  • 'gate, door' (Hes. Attic 'meat roasted over coals'; Attic karabos 'stag-beetle'; 'crayfish'; 'light ship'; hence modern Greek καράβι karávi)
  • 'the worms in dry wood' (Attic 'stag-beetle, horned beetle; crayfish')
  • 'a sea creature' (Attic 'crayfish, prickly crustacean; stag-beetle')
• κίκεῤῥοι kí[k]erroi 'pale ones (?)' (Hes. Attic ὦχροι ōkhroi, PIE *k̂ik̂er- 'pea')
• κλινότροχον klinótrokhon, according to Theophrastus a sort of maple of Stageira, Pokorny Attic γλεῖνον gleînon), LSJ: γλῖνος glînos or γλεῖνος gleînos, Cretan maple, Acer creticum', Thphr.HP3.3.1, 3.11.2.
• κόμβους kómbous 'molars' acc. pl. (Attic γομφίους gomphíous, dim. of γόμφος gómphos 'a large, wedge-shaped bolt or nail; any bond or fastening', PIE *gombh-)
• λακεδάμα lakedáma 'salt water with garlic', Hes.; according to Albrecht von Blumenthal,^[35] -ama corresponds to Attic ἁλμυρός halmurós 'salty'; laked- is cognate to English leek, possibly related is Λακεδαίμων Laked-aímōn, the name of the Spartans.
• λείβηθρον leíbēthron 'stream' (Hes. Attic ῥεῖθρον rheîthron, also λιβάδιον libádion, 'a small stream', dim. of λιβάς libás; PIE *lei, 'to flow'); note typical Greek productive suffix -θρον (-thron)
• πελιγᾶνες peligánes (Hes.elder notable macedonian citizens,gerousia,senate) macedonian eponymΠελειγένης^[36]Peleigenes,(Hes,Doric)πεληός peleos,old man(LSJ,Attic)πολιός,poliόs respectable eldest.
• Πύδνα Púdna,Pydna Macedonian toponym (Pokorny Attic πυθμήν puthmēn 'bottom, sole, base of a vessel'; PIE *bhudhnā; Attic πύνδαξ pýndax 'bottom of vessel')Cretan Doric,Pytna^[37]Hierapytna,Sacred Pytna,modern city Ierapetra^[38]
• σφύραινα sphyraena, hammer-fish (Strattis,Makedones (fr. 28)[12] -Attic.κέστρα,kestra,cestra modern Greek σφυρίδα,sfyrida

[edit] See also

• Macedon
• Ancient Greece
• Proto-Greek language
• Paleo-Balkan languages
  • Phrygian language
  • Thracian language

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

• Die Makedonen: Ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum by Otto Hoffmann
• Babiniotis, G. "Ancient Macedonian: The Place of Macedonian among the Greek Dialects", Macedonian Hellenism, edited by A.M. Tamis. Melbourne, 1990, pp. 241–250.
• Brixhe C., Panayotou A. (1994) Le Macédonien in Bader, F. (ed.) Langues indo-européennes, Paris:CNRS éditions, 1994, pp 205–220. ISBN 227105043-X
• Chadwick, J. The Prehistory of the Greek Language. Cambridge, 1963.
• Hammond, Nicholas G.L. "Literary Evidence for Macedonian Speech", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 43, No. 2. (1994), pp. 131–142.
• Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans. The Hague; Paris: Mouton, 1976.
• Neroznak, V. Paleo-Balkan languages. Moscow, 1978.
• Rhomiopoulou, Katerina. An Outline of Macedonian History and Art. Greek Ministry of Culture and Science, 1980.

[edit] External links

• LinguistList: Family tree of Hellenic languages
• Encyclopedia Britannica: Greek language (1911 edition)
• Jona Lendering, Ancient Macedonia web page on livius.org
• Greek Inscriptions from ancient Macedonia (Epigraphical Database)
• J.M.R. Cormack Macedonian Collection_Center for Epigraphical Studies
• Heinrich Tischner on Hesychius' wordsca:Antic macedoni

de:Makedonische Sprache el:Αρχαία μακεδονική γλώσσα es:Antiguo idioma macedonio fr:Ancien macédonien it:Antico macedone he:מקדונית עתיקה mk:Старомакедонски јазик nl:Macedonisch (oudheid) pl:Język macedoński (helleński) pt:Língua macedônia antiga ru:Древнемакедонский язык sv:Fornmakedonska