9th century

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Millennium:	1st millennium
Centuries:	8th century · 9th century · 10th century
Decades:	800s 810s 820s 830s 840s 850s 860s 870s 880s 890s
Categories:	Births - Deaths Establishments - Disestablishments

As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900.

Contents 1 Western European 1.1 "Dark Ages" applied later to this period 1.2 Art of the "Dark Ages" 2 Worldwide Events 3 Significant people 4 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 5 Decades and years

[edit] Western European

[edit] "Dark Ages" applied later to this period

Starting about 400 years after the period, influential figures in the early phases of the Renaissance would refer back to these times, and the 3 centuries previous, as the "Dark Ages." The reference based on the eclipse of the Western Roman Empire, after AD 476, and the general loss of classical art forms, reduction of urban centers, and diffusion of political power to a petty level. Regional enities never grew to the level of nationhood, let alone empire. Only the Roman Catholic Papacy had true international power, and this was somewhat limited due to poor communications between the regions of Europe. Classical civilization's former record was preserved by the efforts of Catholic monks hand copying manuscripts, but since only a tiny percentage of the populace could read and write, little information or knowledge was disseminated. Most western people were engaged in rural agriculture, and the Roman cities were largely in ruins. Still, certain arts, related to the Church and the ruling class, led to at least a small degree of support to artisans. There is a legacy of brass and gold objects preserved in the world's museums from Europe's "Dark Ages."

[edit] Art of the "Dark Ages"

First and foremost, art existed because the Church required it. The basic tools of the Roman Catholic mass, thousands of golden art objects were made. Sacred cups, vessels, reliqueries, crucifixes, rosaries, altar pieces, and statues of the Virgin and Child or Saints all kept the flame of art from dying out in the period. Architecture began to revive to some extent by the 9th century. It took the form of Church facilities of all kinds, and the first castle fortifications since Roman times began to take form in simple "moat and baily" castles, or simple "strong point" tower structures, with little refinement.

[edit] Worldwide Events

• The Arab merchant Shulama wrote that Chinese junk ships could carry 600 to 700

passengers aboard for sailing missions into the Indian Ocean. He wrote that the draft of Chinese ships was too deep for entering the Euphrates River (modern-day Iraq), which forced them to land small boats on the banks of the river for passengers and cargo instead.

• An unknown event causes the decline of the Maya Classical Era.
• Beowulf might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in the 8th century.
• Reign of Charlemagne, and concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian Renaissance in Western Europe.
• Large-scale Viking attacks on Europe begin, devastating countless numbers of people.
• Oseberg ship burial.
• The Magyars arrive in what is now Hungary, taking it from Bulgaria.
• The Tukolor settle in the Senegal river valley.
• Muslim traders settle in the northwest and southeast of Madagascar.
• 800 — Arab fleet sails up the Tiber.
• 803 — Construction on the Leshan Giant Buddha in Tang Dynasty China is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side.
• C. 813–c. 915 — period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas.
• 830 - House of Wisdom, a library and translation institute, established by al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, in Baghdad to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Idnians, etc to Muslim world.[1] Also The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing which is one of the book of algebra is written by Al-Khwarizmi who worked there.
• 848–852 — The west bank of the Tiber is annexed into the city of Rome. A defensive wall, commissioned by Pope Leo IV, is built around what came to be called the Leonine City.
• 851 — The Arab merchant Suleiman al-Tajir visits the Chinese seaport at Guangzhou in southern China, and observes the manufacturing of porcelain, the Islamic mosque built at Guangzhou, the granary system of the city, and how its municipal administration functioned.
• 863 — The Chinese author Duan Chengshi describes the slave trade, ivory trade, and ambergris trade of Somalia in East Africa.
• 870 — Prague Castle founded.
• 800–909 — rule of Aghlabids as a independent Muslim dynasty in North Africa.
• 850–875 — The first Norse settlers arrive on Iceland.
• 859 Muslim established the oldest university in the world, University of Al Karaouine, in Fez, Morocco^[1]
• 863–879 — period of schism between eastern and western churches.
• 864 — Christianization of Bulgaria under Boris I
• 875–884 — Huang Chao leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the Tang Dynasty in China.
• Late 9th century: Bulgaria stretches from the mouth of the Danube to Epirus and Bosnia.
• In Italy, some cities became free republics: for instance Forlì, in the 889.
• The Christian Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power. (Early history of Sudan).
• Harald Fairhair was victorious at the battle of Hafrsfjord, and Norway was unified into one kingdom.
• Chess reaches Japan.
• 862 — The beginning the Rurik Dynasty in Russia
• 885 — arrival of the disciples of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav in Bulgaria. Development of the Cyrillic Alphabet.
• 867 — onward Revival of the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty.
• The Medieval Warm Period begins.

[edit] Significant people

• Alfred the Great
• Arnulf of Carinthia
• Charlemagne
• Wang Kon
• Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius
• Han Yu
• Clement of Ohrid
• Naum of Preslav
• Kenneth I of Scotland
• Louis the Pious
• Adi Sankara
• Huang Chao
• Harald I of Norway
• Rurik
• Boris I of Bulgaria
• Basil I the Macedonian (Βασίλειος Α') (811–886), ruled (867)–(886)
• Al-Jahiz
• Pope Joan, legendary female Pope
• Taizu of Later Liang

[edit] Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• Vulgar Latin begins to devolve into various Romance languages
• First image of a rotary grindstone in a European source — illustration shows crank, first known use of a crank in the West (Utrecht Psalter, A.D. 843)
• Invention of gunpowder by Chinese Taoist Alchemists
• First known printed book, the Diamond Sutra, printed in China using woodblock printing in 868 AD.

[edit] Decades and years

v • d • e Decades and Years

9th century 7th century←8th century← ↔ →10th century→11th century 790s 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800s 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810s 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820s 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830s 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840s 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850s 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860s 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870s 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880s 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890s 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900s 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909

v • d • e Centuries and millennia

Millennium Century Before Christ / Before Common Era (BC/BCE) 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st Anno Domini / Common Era (AD/CE) 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 4th 31st

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